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	<title>Andrew Shore, Author at NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing -</title>
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	<description>أدوات القياس لأبحاث المواد ومراقبة الجودة</description>
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	<title>Andrew Shore, Author at NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing -</title>
	<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/المؤلف/andrew/</link>
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		<title>Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/ar/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 17:55:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26423</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Medical Device Tribology Nano-Friction and Wear Testing of Pacing Lead Insulation in Hanks’ Solution Tribological analysis of silicone and polyether-polyurethane endocardial lead materials Request Medical Device Wear Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Duanjie Li, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction A pacemaker is a medical [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/">Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26423" class="elementor elementor-26423" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | Medical Device Tribology</p>								</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction and Wear Testing of Pacing Lead Insulation in Hanks’ Solution</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Tribological analysis of silicone and polyether-polyurethane endocardial lead materials</h2>				</div>
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															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1400" height="420" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-wear-testing-pacing-lead-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26449" alt="Medical illustration of a pacemaker with two endocardial pacing leads routed into the heart for pacing lead insulation wear testing context" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Research &amp; Experimental Testing</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">دوانجي لي ، دكتوراه</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Visual Design &amp; Editorial</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أندرو شور</p>				</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">A pacemaker is a medical device used to regulate heart rhythm and maintain an adequate heart rate. It is typically implanted in the chest or abdomen and sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle through endocardial pacing leads.</p>
As pacemakers remain a widely used treatment for cardiac rhythm disorders, the quality and service life of pacing leads are critical to long-term device performance. Lead failures can create serious risks for patients and may require surgical replacement, making <a href="https://nanovea.com/friction-wear-testing-lab-services/">pacing lead insulation wear testing</a> an important part of material evaluation for implantable cardiac devices.<sup>1–5</sup>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="1262" height="417" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/endocardial-pacing-leads-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26425" alt="Endocardial pacing leads with insulated lead bodies used in implantable cardiac devices" />															</div>
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									<p>Endocardial pacing leads transmit electrical impulses from a pacemaker to the heart while operating in a dynamic body-fluid environment.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why Friction and Wear Matter for Endocardial Lead Insulation</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The outer insulation material of an endocardial lead requires several key properties, including biological inertness, high flexibility, fracture toughness, and long service life. Low friction can reduce interaction between the lead and the blood vessel, helping minimize vessel irritation during implantation and movement.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance is also critical. Endocardial leads experience continuous movement from the heart and surrounding body structures, while operating in a body-fluid environment that can influence friction, wear, and material response.</p><p>Because of this complex environment, endocardial lead insulation should be evaluated using <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">controlled tribological methods</a> that simulate relevant contact conditions. Testing in Hanks’ solution allows the friction and wear behavior of lead insulation materials to be compared under a simulated body-fluid condition rather than relying only on dry testing.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="1200" height="598" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-test-setup-pacing-lead-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26426" alt="Nano-friction test setup for measuring pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Nano-friction test setup used to evaluate endocardial pacing lead insulation materials under low-load contact conditions.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هدف القياس</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">This study compares the nano-friction and wear behavior of endocardial pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution. Silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials were evaluated to determine how each material responds under simulated body-fluid conditions.</p><p>Low-load nano-friction testing was performed using the Nano Module of the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">NANOVEA الفاحص الميكانيكي</a> to measure coefficient of friction at controlled contact force. Reciprocating wear testing was then performed using a <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t50/">NANOVEA Tribometer</a> to compare wear resistance under linear sliding contact.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-166e137 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="166e137" data-element_type="section">
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t50/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-t50-tribometer-free-weight.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25781" alt="NANOVEA T50 free weight tribometer for friction and wear testing" />								</a>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">T50 المدمج</span> <br>
مقياس الاحتكاك الحر</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanoindenter-scratch-tester-platform-nanovea-pb1000.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25767" alt="منصة اختبار النانو والخدش NANOVEA PB1000 مع وحدات المسافة البادئة النانوية والمتناهية الصغر" />								</a>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">منصة كبيرة PB1000</span>
اختبار ميكانيكي</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Principle</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction Measurement Principle</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Nano-friction testing measures the coefficient of friction (COF) between the test surface and a controlled counter material under very low applied load. In this study, the indenter made contact with the pacing lead insulation surface while the Nano Module maintained a constant load throughout the measurement.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The Nano Module uses a fast piezoelectric system and load cell to adjust the ball position and keep the applied load stable during sliding. The sample is moved at a controlled speed while lateral force is measured and plotted against displacement.</p><p>A stainless steel ball with a 6 mm diameter is commonly used for this type of measurement, although other counter materials, shapes, and sizes can be selected to simulate different contact conditions. This allows pacing lead insulation materials to be evaluated under controlled low-load friction conditions relevant to biomedical device applications.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="621" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-measurement-principle-schematic.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26433" alt="Schematic of the nano-friction measurement principle showing a ball-tip indenter under controlled constant load, a capacitive depth sensor, non-destructive load, and reciprocating sample motion on a friction spring table" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Nano-friction measurement schematic showing controlled low-load sliding contact and lateral force measurement during reciprocating motion.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Reciprocating Wear Principle</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Reciprocating wear testing evaluates material response under repeated linear sliding contact. A flat or spherical counter material is loaded against the test sample with a precisely known force, while the sample moves back and forth in a controlled reciprocating motion.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The counter material, such as a pin or ball, is mounted on a stiff lever that functions as a low-friction force transducer. As the sample moves, frictional forces between the counter material and the sample are measured using a strain gauge sensor on the tribometer arm.</p><p>After the test, the resulting wear track can be examined to compare material damage, wear scar geometry, and surface response. This method allows friction and wear behavior to be studied under controlled conditions, including variations in time, contact pressure, sliding speed, temperature, humidity, and lubrication environment.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="557" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/reciprocating-wear-principle-schematic.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26434" alt="Schematic of the reciprocating wear principle showing adjustable weights, tribometer arm, pin or ball holder, strain gauge, sample stage, linear wear track, and linear reciprocating motion" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Linear reciprocating wear schematic showing a pin or ball counterface sliding across the sample to generate a wear track under controlled load.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb35d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="dfb35d7" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">إجراء الاختبار</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The coefficient of friction (COF) of the pacing lead materials was measured against a stainless steel 440 ball with a 6 mm diameter. Testing was performed using the Nano Module of the Nanovea Mechanical Tester.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The sample was immersed in Hanks’ solution to simulate a body-fluid environment. A low applied load of 50 mN was maintained throughout the test, while the ball slid against the lead surface at a constant speed of 20 mm/min over a total sliding distance of 10 mm.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance was evaluated using a Nanovea Tribometer with the Linear Reciprocating Wear Module. During the wear test, a stainless steel 303 block measuring 10 × 10 mm² was used as the counter material, and the coefficient of friction was recorded in situ at 0.1 s intervals.</p><p>After testing, the resulting wear tracks were examined under an optical microscope to compare surface damage on the silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials. Stainless steel was used as the counter material in this study; however, custom fixtures and alternative counter materials can be used to simulate specific application conditions.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Sample</td>
<td>Leads made of silicone or polyether-polyurethane (PP)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Normal force</td>
<td>1 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>سرعة</td>
<td>200 cycles/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Duration of test</td>
<td>5 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>بيئة</td>
<td>Hanks’ solution</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Wear test parameters used to evaluate silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in Hanks’ solution.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">النتائج والمناقشة</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction Test</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The nano-friction behavior of the silicone and polyether-polyurethane (PP) pacing lead materials was first evaluated using the Nano Module of the Nanovea Mechanical Tester. The coefficient of friction was measured in both dry conditions and Hanks’ solution to compare material response under ambient and simulated body-fluid environments.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Both materials showed significantly lower coefficient of friction in Hanks’ solution than under dry conditions. In Hanks’ solution, the silicone lead exhibited a COF of approximately 0.15, while the polyether-polyurethane lead exhibited a lower COF of approximately 0.05. Under dry conditions, the values were substantially higher, at approximately 0.6 for silicone and 0.5 for polyether-polyurethane.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">These results demonstrate the importance of testing pacing lead insulation materials under application-relevant environmental conditions. Hanks’ solution had a strong effect on the measured friction behavior, showing that dry testing alone may not represent the tribological response of lead insulation materials in a simulated body-fluid environment.</p><p>The low-load control of the Nano Module allowed the applied force to remain constant at 50 mN during the measurement. This enabled controlled simulation of low-contact-force interaction between the lead material and surrounding biological structures.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="817" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/pacing-lead-insulation-coefficient-of-friction-hanks-solution.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26435" alt="Graph comparing coefficient of friction of silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in dry conditions and Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Coefficient of friction comparison for silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in dry conditions and Hanks’ solution.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f64c74c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f64c74c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Wear Test</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance was evaluated using a Nanovea Tribometer to compare the silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in Hanks’ solution. After testing, the lead surfaces were examined visually and under optical microscopy to compare the extent of wear damage.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The silicone lead showed a large wear scar with a width of approximately 1.2 mm. Microscopic observation indicated severe wear on the silicone lead, with parallel deep grooves formed along the movement direction of the rubbing block.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">In comparison, the polyether-polyurethane lead showed a narrower wear scar of approximately 0.6 mm. The observed wear was milder, with only several small scratches visible on the shallow surface.</p>
Wear of the lead outer insulation can contribute to pacing and sensing abnormalities, making wear resistance an important factor in endocardial lead material selection.<sup>6</sup> These results indicate that polyether-polyurethane provided lower friction and better wear resistance than silicone under the tested conditions.								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ad7433 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5ad7433" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>Before-and-after wear comparison of silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surfaces, including 400x microscope images showing more severe wear on silicone and milder wear on polyether-polyurethane.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-baa9b12 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="baa9b12" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="895" height="550" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-before-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26437" alt="Silicone pacing lead surface before wear testing in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Silicone pacing lead surface before reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="895" height="550" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-before-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26438" alt="Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface before wear testing in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface before reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c1e5fb elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="4c1e5fb" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="884" height="562" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-after-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26439" alt="Silicone pacing lead surface after wear testing showing a large wear scar" />															</div>
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									<p>Silicone pacing lead surface after wear testing, showing a pronounced wear scar.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="884" height="562" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-after-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26440" alt="Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface after wear testing showing a smaller wear scar" />															</div>
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									<p>Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface after reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="874" height="649" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-after-wear-400x.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26441" alt="Microscope image at 400x magnification showing severe wear grooves on silicone pacing lead surface" />															</div>
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									<p>400x microscope image of the silicone pacing lead after wear testing, showing deep parallel wear grooves.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="874" height="649" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-after-wear-400x.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26442" alt="Microscope image at 400x magnification showing mild wear on polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface" />															</div>
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									<p>400x microscope image of the polyether-polyurethane pacing lead after wear testing, showing comparatively mild surface wear.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">This study demonstrated the use of low-load nano-friction testing and reciprocating wear testing to evaluate endocardial pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution. The Nano Module of the NANOVEA Mechanical Tester measured coefficient of friction under controlled low-load contact, while the NANOVEA Tribometer simulated wear behavior under reciprocating sliding motion.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Testing in Hanks’ solution showed a clear difference between silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials. Polyether-polyurethane exhibited lower coefficient of friction and better wear resistance than silicone under the tested conditions, making it the stronger candidate for the outer insulation material of endocardial pacing leads in this study.</p><p>These results highlight the importance of evaluating biomedical materials under application-relevant environments rather than relying only on dry testing. Controlled nano-friction and tribology testing can help compare candidate materials, quantify friction response, and evaluate wear resistance for implantable medical device components.</p><p>The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester&#8217;s Nano, Micro, and Macro modules operate within a single ISO and ASTM compliant platform, enabling consistent evaluation of hardness, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and wear from a single system. The NANOVEA Tribometer similarly supports rotative and linear wear modes with optional high-temperature, corrosion, and liquid environment modules.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مراجع</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[1] Magney JE, Flynn DM, Parsons JA, Staplin DH, Chin-Purcell MV, Milstein S, Hunter DW. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16:445–457.</em><br /><em>[2] Jacobs DM, Fink AS, Miller RP, Anderson WR, McVenes RD, Lessar JF, Cobian KE, et al. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16:434–444.<br />[3] Gupta K, Villareal RP, Rasekh A, Massumi A. Tex Heart Inst J. 2003; 30:84–85.<br />[4] Magney JE, Parsons JA, Flynn DM, Hunter DW. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995; 18:1509–1517.<br />[5] Kazama S, Nishiyama K, Machii M, Tanaka K, Amano T, Nomura T, Ohuchi M, et al. Jpn Heart J. 1993; 34:193–200.<br />[6] Andrzej K, Barbara M, Agnieszka K, Marcin G. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013; 36(12):1503–1511.<br /></em></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2dee8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a2dee8e" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How do you evaluate friction and wear behavior of pacing lead insulation?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Pacing lead insulation can be evaluated using low-load friction testing and reciprocating wear testing. These methods measure coefficient of friction, wear scar formation, and surface damage under controlled load, motion, and environmental conditions.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is low-load friction testing important for endocardial leads?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Endocardial leads operate under relatively low contact forces while interacting with blood vessels, tissue, and surrounding structures. Low-load friction testing helps evaluate how insulation materials behave under contact conditions that are closer to the application than high-force mechanical testing alone.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does coefficient of friction indicate in pacing lead material testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Coefficient of friction indicates how much resistance occurs during sliding contact between the lead insulation and a counter material. In this study, lower COF values in Hanks’ solution showed that the test environment had a strong effect on the measured friction behavior of silicone and polyether-polyurethane materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why compare silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead insulation materials?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Silicone and polyether-polyurethane are commonly considered for flexible biomedical insulation applications because they can provide different combinations of flexibility, durability, and surface response. Comparing them under the same test conditions helps identify which material provides lower friction and better wear resistance for the intended application.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Which NANOVEA instruments are used for low-load friction and wear testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Low-load coefficient of friction can be measured using the Nano Module of a NANOVEA Mechanical Tester, while reciprocating wear behavior can be evaluated using a NANOVEA Tribometer. Together, these systems allow controlled evaluation of friction, wear, and material response for biomedical components.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How is reciprocating wear testing used for pacing lead materials?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Reciprocating wear testing repeatedly slides a counter material across the sample surface under controlled load to create and evaluate a wear track. For pacing lead insulation materials, this allows comparison of wear scar width, surface damage, and material durability under simulated sliding contact.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Medical Device Friction and Wear Testing?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/">Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 20:27:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26347</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; 3D Optical Profilometry Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis Using 3D Optical Profilometry Measuring Texture, Porosity, and Topography on Bouldering Holds Request Surface Roughness Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Walter Alabiso, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/">Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26347" class="elementor elementor-26347" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | 3D Optical Profilometry</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1400" height="420" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis-using-3d-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26350" alt="Bouldering holds analyzed for climbing hold surface roughness using 3D optical profilometry." />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Walter Alabiso, PhD</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, precise body positioning, and an understanding of how the human body interacts with climbing surfaces. On slab routes, where the wall is angled below vertical and positive holds are limited or absent, a climber&#8217;s stability depends almost entirely on the tribological interaction between the body and the climbing hold surface.</p><p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Climbing hold surface roughness plays a central role in this contact. Roughness provides the microtexture needed for smearing, a technique where high-friction rubber soles are pressed firmly against the surface to expand the effective contact area and generate adherence. A similar mechanism occurs at the fingers, where the ridges of fingerprints and the pliability of skin deform slightly against the hold&#8217;s surface features, creating grip through microscopic interlocking.</p><p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Porosity contributes to grip performance by absorbing moisture, sweat, or chalk at the contact interface, preventing the formation of a thin lubricating film that would reduce friction. Micro-cracks and surface flaws act as additional friction points, helping the climber maintain lateral tension against the hold surface. Because these features (roughness, porosity, and surface morphology) operate at different scales and interact differently depending on the hold, quantitative <a class="underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current" href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">3D surface measurement</a> is essential for comparing how different climbing hold textures perform under real contact conditions.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="857" height="268" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/climbing-hold-samples-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26354" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Bouldering grips used to compare surface roughness, pore morphology, and grip-related topography.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why Use Non-Contact Profilometry for Climbing Hold Surface Analysis</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Climbing holds and rock-like surfaces can include deep pores, steep asperities, sharp valleys, and irregular texture. These features are difficult to measure accurately with contact-based profilometry because a physical stylus can lose contact, deform local surface features, or fail to reach narrow cavities.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">NANOVEA’s non-contact optical profilometry uses chromatic light technology to capture surface height data without touching the sample. This makes it suitable for reconstructing complex climbing hold topography, including deep nooks, pores, and surface flaws, while avoiding measurement artifacts caused by local plastic deformation.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">In this study, the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler</a> was used to measure two bouldering grips: a yellow block with a smoother, flatter surface and a green block with a rougher tactile texture. Both samples were scanned using a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with a 3000 µm Z-range and a 4 µm acquisition step in X and Y.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, allowing the profiler to capture roughness and pore morphology across the scanned areas.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هدف القياس</h2>				</div>
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									<p>The objective of this study was to demonstrate how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can be used to reconstruct and compare the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of climbing holds.</p><p>Two bouldering grip samples were analyzed: a yellow hold with a smoother, flatter surface and a blue hold with a rougher tactile texture and sharper grip features. The analysis focused on surface height variation, areal roughness parameters, pore coverage, pore size, pore depth, and functional surface behavior.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="817" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/jr25-optical-profilometer-climbing-hold-surface-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26365" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profilometer measuring the climbing hold samples using an optical sensor.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p>The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler was used to measure the yellow and blue bouldering grip samples. Each surface was scanned with a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with an enhanced 3000 µm Z-range, allowing the system to capture deep pores, sharp valleys, and irregular surface texture while maintaining a 4 µm acquisition step in X and Y.</p><p>Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, improving data capture across rough, porous, and uneven areas.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d556682 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d556682" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">JR25 Portable</span></p><p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">الملف الشخصي البصري</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-jr25-portable-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25699" alt="NANOVEA JR25 portable optical profilometer for non-contact surface measurement" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">معلمات الاختبار</h2>				</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
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<th>Measurement Setting</th>
<th>Optical Profilometry Setup</th>
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</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Samples measured</td>
<td>Yellow and blue bouldering grip samples</td>
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<tr>
<td>Optical pen</td>
<td>PS4-MG35</td>
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<tr>
<td>Z-range</td>
<td>3000 µm</td>
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<tr>
<td>Scan area</td>
<td>5.00 mm × 5.00 mm</td>
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<tr>
<td>X-step size</td>
<td>4.00 µm</td>
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<tr>
<td>Y-step size</td>
<td>4.00 µm</td>
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<tr>
<td>Averaging</td>
<td>1</td>
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<tr>
<td>Measurement type</td>
<td>Direct</td>
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<tr>
<td>Acquisition mode</td>
<td>Dual frequency</td>
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<tr>
<td>Acquisition rate</td>
<td>100–400 Hz</td>
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<tr>
<td>Light intensity</td>
<td>100%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Optical profilometry test conditions used to measure the bouldering grip samples.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Optical Profilometry Results</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8199c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="8199c49" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Yellow Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the yellow climbing grip sample.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="890" height="736" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-3d-surface-topography-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26375" alt="3D optical profilometry reconstruction of the yellow climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and surface height variation." />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A total least-squares plane was removed to study surface properties. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 µm was applied following ISO 25178 (1/2 cut-off removed at each side). However, the sharp density of pores and asperities and the elevated average roughness make the use of a Gaussian L-filter (8 mm cut off) inapplicable. Therefore, the primary surface was considered, and the roughness parameters are listed in the table below, alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb7f23e elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="eb7f23e" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="724" height="570" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-surface-roughness-map-iso-25178.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26376" alt="False-color optical profilometry surface roughness map of the yellow climbing grip sample with ISO 25178 height parameters." />															</div>
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<table class="iso-roughness-table">
<tbody><!-- Filter Settings -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">ISO 25178-2 – Primary Surface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm, 1/2 cut-off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>F-operation:</strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)</td>
</tr>
<!-- Height Parameters Header -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td>
</tr>
<!-- Height Parameter Rows -->
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سكوير</td>
<td>168.970</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>ارتفاع الجذر التربيعي</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">SSK</td>
<td>-0.927</td>
<td></td>
<td>انحراف</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">SKU</td>
<td>4.117</td>
<td></td>
<td>التفرطح</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sp</td>
<td>320.530</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>أقصى ارتفاع ذروة</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سيفيرت</td>
<td>868.116</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Maximum pit depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">س</td>
<td>1188.645</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>أقصى ارتفاع</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سا</td>
<td>132.953</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>حسابي يعني الارتفاع</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
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									<p>The average surface roughness <em>سا</em> is 132.953 µm, whereas the peak-to-valley roughness, <em>س</em> amounts to 1188.645 µm. The surface morphology is skewed towards deep valleys (<em>SSK</em> &lt; 0, <em>سيفيرت</em> &gt; <em>Sp</em>), with a leptokurtotic (<em>SKU</em> &gt; 3) distribution of peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.</p><p>The following picture shows a 2D photo-simulation of the area under artificial lighting, highlighting the region’s morphology.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="692" height="692" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-2d-photo-simulation-surface-morphology-1.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26378" alt="2D photo simulation of the yellow climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and morphology under artificial lighting." />															</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pore Morphology Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="746" height="538" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-pore-detection-settings.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26379" alt="Pore detection analysis of the yellow climbing grip surface using semi-automated edge detection to identify recessed surface features." />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The detected pore locations were then mapped across the scanned 5 mm × 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="981" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-pore-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26380" alt="Pore distribution map of the yellow climbing grip sample showing detected recessed surface features across a 5 mm by 5 mm scanned area." />															</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table pore-info-table"><tbody><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="2">Information</td></tr><tr><td>Method</td><td>Circle detection</td></tr><tr><td>Features detected</td><td>Pores, recessed objects</td></tr><tr><td>Minimum detection diameter</td><td>0.150 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Maximum detection diameter</td><td>2.000 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Number of detected pores</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Surface coverage</td><td>47.395%</td></tr><tr><td>Pore density</td><td>8.203 particles/mm²</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="measurement-table pore-statistics-table" style="width: 114%;"><tbody><tr class="section-header"><td style="width: 131.537%;" colspan="6">Global Statistics</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 58.8822%;">Parameter</th><th style="width: 1.99601%;">Unit</th><th style="width: 20.9581%;">Mean</th><th style="width: 20.9581%;">Std. Dev.</th><th style="width: 16.3673%;">Min</th><th style="width: 12.3752%;">Max</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">نصف القطر</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">مم</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.127</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.049</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">0.076</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">0.275</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">Void volume</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm³</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">4,724,770.705</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">6,748,143.925</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">23,594.172</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">4.422 × 10⁷</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">Maximum depth</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">173.729</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">94.942</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">28.153</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">716.480</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70adb50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="70adb50" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Pores covered nearly half of the yellow grip’s scanned surface, with a measured coverage of 47.395% and a pore density of 8.203 particles/mm². The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.275 mm and void volume above 4.4 × 10⁷ µm³ to smaller pores with a minimum radius of 0.076 mm and void volume of 23,594.172 µm³. This uneven pore distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-822ef9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="822ef9e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-389b11b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="389b11b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the yellow climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9a2ccd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="9a2ccd8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="718" height="631" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-abbott-firestone-curve.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26382" alt="Abbott-Firestone curve for the yellow climbing grip sample showing cumulative areal material distribution and functional surface parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e47c226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e47c226" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table">
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="3">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>معيار</td>
<td colspan="2">ISO 25178-2</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Unit</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Sk</td>
<td>409.738</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Spk</td>
<td>45.480</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>سفك</td>
<td>233.446</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Smrk1</td>
<td>3.976</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Smrk2</td>
<td>85.005</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5db46d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5db46d7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-77b55b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="77b55b9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="741" height="604" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-peak-valley-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26383" alt="Peak-valley distribution map of the yellow climbing grip sample showing valleys, mean plane regions, and peaks derived from Abbott-Firestone functional parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-551f337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="551f337" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table functional-distribution-table" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width:42%;">
<col style="width:10%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="5">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1st threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c1: 229.209 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2nd threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c2: -180.424 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameters</td>
<td>Unit</td>
<td style="background-color:#7e01ff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#b3ffb4; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#ff9e02; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>14.995</td>
<td>81.029</td>
<td>3.976</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area</td>
<td>mm²</td>
<td>3.772</td>
<td>20.381</td>
<td>1.000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>97.451</td>
<td>48.100</td>
<td>0.973</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material</td>
<td>µm³</td>
<td>1.684 × 10¹⁰</td>
<td>4.956 × 10⁹</td>
<td>2.275 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fe91421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="fe91421" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The yellow grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with scattered recessed pores and a smaller population of raised peaks. This indicates a surface texture characterized mainly by average-sized pores distributed across the scanned area.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6abce6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6abce6c" data-element_type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-630de9a" data-id="630de9a" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-571dd6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="571dd6b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Blue Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c546dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c546dbd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8b74a93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="8b74a93" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the blue climbing grip sample.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-239beeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="239beeb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="890" height="736" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-3d-surface-topography-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26384" alt="3D optical profilometry reconstruction of the blue climbing grip surface showing roughness, pores, asperities, and surface height variation." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-43cd059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="43cd059" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A total least-squares plane was removed to evaluate the blue grip’s surface properties. An S-Gaussian 2.5 µm roughness filter was applied following ISO 25178, with 1/2 cut-off removed at each side.</p><p data-start="548" data-end="837">Because of the dense pores, asperities, and elevated average roughness, a Gaussian L-filter with an 8 mm cut-off was not applied. The primary surface was used for roughness analysis, with the roughness parameters listed alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-88688d5 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="88688d5" data-element_type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-78cf89b" data-id="78cf89b" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-210e196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="210e196" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="716" height="548" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-surface-roughness-map-iso-25178.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26385" alt="False-color optical profilometry surface roughness map of the blue climbing grip sample with ISO 25178 height parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f1e5606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f1e5606" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper">
<table class="iso-roughness-table">
<tbody><!-- Filter Settings -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">ISO 25178-2 – Primary Surface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm, 1/2 cut-off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>F-operation:</strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)</td>
</tr>

<!-- Height Parameters Header -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td>
</tr>

<!-- Height Parameter Rows -->
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سكوير</td>
<td>211.440</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>ارتفاع الجذر التربيعي</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">SSK</td>
<td>-0.682</td>
<td></td>
<td>انحراف</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">SKU</td>
<td>3.672</td>
<td></td>
<td>التفرطح</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sp</td>
<td>522.404</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>أقصى ارتفاع ذروة</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سيفيرت</td>
<td>720.164</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Maximum pit depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">س</td>
<td>1242.568</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>أقصى ارتفاع</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">سا</td>
<td>166.719</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>حسابي يعني الارتفاع</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-407a4b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="407a4b6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>The blue grip sample had an average surface roughness, Sa, of 166.719 µm and a peak-to-valley roughness, Sz, of 1242.568 µm. The negative skewness value, Ssk <span class="ͼz">&amp;lt;</span> 0, indicates that the surface morphology is skewed toward deep valleys, while Sv <span class="ͼz">&amp;gt;</span> Sp shows that the maximum pit depth exceeded the maximum peak height.</p><p>The kurtosis value, Sku <span class="ͼz">&amp;gt;</span> 3, indicates a leptokurtotic height distribution, meaning the blue grip surface contains sharper or more extreme peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-38d40ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="38d40ca" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>The 2D photo simulation below highlights the blue climbing grip’s surface morphology under artificial lighting.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f8cdb9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="f8cdb9b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="692" height="692" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-2d-photo-simulation-surface-morphology.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26386" alt="2D photo simulation of the blue climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and morphology under artificial lighting." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c7e2f9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c7e2f9e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pore Morphology Analysis</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-94c30f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="94c30f7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-66fadb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="66fadb4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="746" height="538" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-pore-detection-settings.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26387" alt="Pore detection analysis of the blue climbing grip surface using semi-automated edge detection to identify recessed surface features." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b7176fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b7176fc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The detected pore locations were mapped across the scanned 5 mm × 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-dc2114f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="dc2114f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="970" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-pore-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26388" alt="Pore distribution map of the blue climbing grip sample showing detected recessed surface features across a 5 mm by 5 mm scanned area." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c209fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c209fcb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table pore-info-table">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="2">Information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Method</td>
<td>Circle detection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Features detected</td>
<td>Pores, recessed objects</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minimum detection diameter</td>
<td>0.040 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maximum detection diameter</td>
<td>2.000 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Number of detected pores</td>
<td>794</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface coverage</td>
<td>24.208%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pore density</td>
<td>31.355 particles/mm²</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table class="measurement-table pore-statistics-table" style="width: 114%;">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td style="width: 131.537%;" colspan="6">Global Statistics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="width: 58.8822%;">Parameter</th>
<th style="width: 1.99601%;">Unit</th>
<th style="width: 20.9581%;">Mean</th>
<th style="width: 20.9581%;">Std. Dev.</th>
<th style="width: 16.3673%;">Min</th>
<th style="width: 12.3752%;">Max</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">نصف القطر</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">مم</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.035</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.035</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">0.020</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">0.218</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">Void volume</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm³</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">821,872.849</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">2,495,310.021</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">11,009.819</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">2.929 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">Maximum depth</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">476.053</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">305.830</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">16.132</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">1044.045</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c700b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c700b93" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Pores covered 24.208% of the blue grip’s scanned surface, with a pore density of 31.355 particles/mm². The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.218 mm and void volume greater than 2.9 × 10⁷ µm³ to small pores with a minimum radius of 0.020 mm and void volume of approximately 1.1 × 10⁴ µm³.</p><p>This uneven distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth. The pore distribution is bimodal, with one population of fine, deep pores and another population of larger crater-like valleys.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0883edf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="0883edf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aaf1bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="aaf1bcc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the blue climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c84d965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="c84d965" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="714" height="630" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-abbott-firestone-curve.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26392" alt="Abbott-Firestone curve for the blue climbing grip sample showing cumulative areal material distribution and functional surface parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3dacae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3dacae3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="3">Information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>معيار</td>
<td colspan="2">ISO 25178-2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Unit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sk</td>
<td>522.359</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spk</td>
<td>117.670</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>سفك</td>
<td>295.209</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Smrk1</td>
<td>6.122</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Smrk2</td>
<td>87.456</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1fe251a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1fe251a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-af3217e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="af3217e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="741" height="604" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-peak-valley-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26399" alt="Peak-valley distribution map of the blue climbing grip sample showing valleys, mean-plane regions, and peaks derived from Abbott-Firestone functional parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f355923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f355923" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table functional-distribution-table" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width:42%;">
<col style="width:10%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="5">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1st threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c1: 283.646 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2nd threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c2: -238.619 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameters</td>
<td>Unit</td>
<td style="background-color:#7e01ff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#b3ffb4; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#ff9e02; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>12.544</td>
<td>81.334</td>
<td>6.122</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area</td>
<td>mm²</td>
<td>3.182</td>
<td>20.629</td>
<td>1.553</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>96.079</td>
<td>48.546</td>
<td>1.514</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material</td>
<td>µm³</td>
<td>1.151 × 10¹⁰</td>
<td>6.431 × 10⁹</td>
<td>9.142 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c2d21ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c2d21ef" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The blue grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with fine, deep pores distributed across the surface and localized peak features. Compared with the yellow grip, the blue grip contains a higher projected peak area and a bimodal pore structure, combining fine recessed pores with larger crater-like valleys.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-683f81e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="683f81e" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of yellow and blue bouldering grip samples.</p><p>Topographic analysis showed that both grip samples had high surface roughness, with Sa values above 100 µm and Sz values above 1000 µm. Both surfaces also showed an asymmetric height distribution skewed toward valleys, indicating that recessed features played a major role in the measured surface morphology.</p><p>The yellow grip sample showed higher pore coverage, with pores covering 47.395% of the scanned surface. Its surface was mainly characterized by average-sized pores distributed across the measured area.</p><p>The blue grip sample showed lower pore coverage at 24.208%, but a much higher pore density of 31.355 particles/mm². Its pore distribution was bimodal, with a population of fine, deep pores and a separate population of larger crater-like valleys.</p><p>These results show how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can quantify climbing hold surface features that are difficult to evaluate from visual inspection alone, including roughness, pore coverage, pore depth, surface height distribution, and functional topography. The blue grip&#8217;s higher porosity and bimodal pore structure make it more likely to absorb moisture and chalk at the contact interface, while its elevated roughness and surface morphology support stable friction for shoe rubber and finger contact. The yellow grip&#8217;s lower roughness and flatter profile suggest it is better suited for use as a foothold in slab climbing, where broad surface contact matters more than deep textural engagement.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2dee8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a2dee8e" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Climbing Hold Surface Roughness</h2>				</div>
				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is climbing hold surface roughness?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Climbing hold surface roughness describes the height variation, texture, pores, asperities, and valleys present on the surface of a climbing grip. These features can influence contact behavior between the hold, shoe rubber, skin, chalk, and moisture.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="cbcfaa4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How can climbing hold surface roughness be measured?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Climbing hold surface roughness can be measured using non-contact 3D optical profilometry. This method reconstructs the surface topography and calculates areal roughness parameters such as Sa, Sz, Sp, Sv, Ssk, and Sku without touching or deforming the sample.</p>								</div>
				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why use non-contact optical profilometry for climbing hold analysis?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e60fcb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e60fcb6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Non-contact optical profilometry is useful for climbing hold analysis because climbing grips can contain deep pores, sharp valleys, rough asperities, and irregular surface texture. A contact stylus may lose contact, fail to reach recessed features, or introduce artifacts on complex surfaces.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2ae518f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2ae518f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does Sa mean in surface roughness analysis?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1d77659 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1d77659" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Sa is the arithmetic mean height of a surface and is commonly used to describe average areal surface roughness. In this app note, both climbing grip samples showed high Sa values above 100 µm, indicating strongly textured surfaces.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d372dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3d372dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does Sz mean in optical profilometry results?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b1dd455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b1dd455" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Sz is the maximum height of the measured surface, calculated from the highest peak to the deepest valley. In climbing hold surface roughness analysis, Sz helps describe the full vertical range of the grip’s surface texture.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5cbc604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5cbc604" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is pore morphology important for climbing grips?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-82a2d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="82a2d66" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Pore morphology can affect how a climbing grip interacts with chalk, sweat, humidity, skin, and shoe rubber. Measuring pore coverage, density, depth, and volume helps quantify surface features that are difficult to evaluate by visual inspection alone.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/">Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 20:57:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
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		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26271</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Stent Coating Adhesion Testing Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing Quantifying Coating Failure and Adhesion Performance on Drug-Eluting Stents Request Coating Adhesion Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Duanjie Li, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Blood is carried through arteries from [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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									<p>Application Note | Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</p>								</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Visual Design &amp; Editorial</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أندرو شور</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">Blood is carried through arteries from the heart to the rest of the body. Any weakening or blockage of these vessels can pose significant health risks and may become life-threatening. A stent is a small mesh tube inserted into the lumen of a blood vessel to treat narrowed or weakened arteries. Stent implantation is now a widely used procedure to support the arterial wall and restore blood flowᶦ.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="320" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/medical-stent-mesh-structure-metal-stent-geometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26304" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Metal stent mesh geometry illustrating the structural complexity of vascular implant design.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why coating adhesion matters in drug-eluting stents</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Drug-eluting stents represent a major advancement in stent technology. They incorporate a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer coating that enables controlled drug release at the arterial site, helping to inhibit intimal thickening and reduce the risk of restenosisᶦᶦ.</p><p data-start="1056" data-end="1284">A critical concern in these systems is the delamination of the polymer coating from the metallic stent substrate. This coating carries the drug-eluting layer, and its adhesion directly impacts device performance and reliability.</p><p data-start="1286" data-end="1537">To improve coating adhesion, stents are often designed with complex geometries. In this study, the polymer coating is located at the bottom of grooves within the stent mesh. This configuration presents a significant challenge for adhesion measurement.</p><p data-start="1539" data-end="1795">A reliable method is required to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial strength between the polymer coating and the metal substrate. The small diameter of the stent mesh, comparable to a human hair, combined with its three-dimensional geometry, requires:</p><ul data-start="1796" data-end="1916"><li data-section-id="1n0qc6y" data-start="1796" data-end="1834">ultrafine X-Y positioning accuracy</li><li data-section-id="1003zy" data-start="1835" data-end="1870">precise control of applied load</li><li data-section-id="q3r43w" data-start="1871" data-end="1916">accurate depth measurement during testing</li></ul>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> اعرف المزيد عن <a href="https://nanovea.com/nanoindentation-and-scratch-testing-lab-services/">nanoindentation and scratch testing lab services for coating adhesion and failure analysis</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6911f48 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6911f48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="267" data-end="454">Nano scratch testing is performed using the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">جهاز اختبار ميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000</a>, in Nano Scratch Mode, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal mesh of stent samples.</p><p data-start="460" data-end="648">Controlled scratch measurements are carried out on stent geometries with dimensions comparable to a human hair, enabling precise evaluation of coating adhesion on complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d556682 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d556682" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">PB1000 Advanced</span></p><p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">اختبار ميكانيكي</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanoindenter-scratch-tester-platform-nanovea-pb1000.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25767" alt="منصة اختبار النانو والخدش NANOVEA PB1000 مع وحدات المسافة البادئة النانوية والمتناهية الصغر" />								</a>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f6bb8a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f6bb8a6" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">شروط الاختبار</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The stent is fixed on the sample stage, with a support wire inserted inside the stent tube to ensure stability during nano scratch testing. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester is used to perform nano scratch measurements using the parameters summarized in Table 1, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table"><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Load type</td><td>تدريجي</td></tr><tr><td>Initial load</td><td>0.05 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Final load</td><td>300 and 100 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding speed</td><td>0.5 mm/min</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding distance</td><td>0.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter geometry</td><td>مخروطي</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter material (tip)</td><td>الماس</td></tr><tr><td>نصف قطر طرف إندينتر</td><td>20 µm</td></tr><tr><td>درجة حرارة</td><td>24°C (room)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الجدول 1: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on regular stent samples</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1073" data-end="1296">The SEM image in Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of the stent sample. The stent features a groove with a depth of approximately 30 µm. The polymer coating, with a thickness of 10.8 µm, is located at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="1298" data-end="1497">Standard 60° conical diamond tips are not sharp enough to reach the bottom of the groove without contacting the sidewalls. Therefore, a sharper 40° conical diamond tip is used in this study (Fig. 2).</p><p data-start="1499" data-end="1582">Nano scratch measurements are performed using the parameters summarized in Table 2.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Load type</td>
<td>تدريجي</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial load</td>
<td>0.1 mN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Final load</td>
<td>300 mN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>معدل التحميل</td>
<td>300 mN/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scratch length</td>
<td>0.25 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scratch speed</td>
<td>0.25 mm/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indenter geometry</td>
<td>40° cone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indenter material (tip)</td>
<td>الماس</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>نصف قطر طرف إندينتر</td>
<td>5 µm</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Table 2: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on grooved stent samples</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="932" height="1042" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-cross-section-sem-adhesion-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26288" alt="stent groove cross section polymer coating thickness adhesion analysis nano scratch testing" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 1: </span>SEM cross-section of a grooved stent showing polymer coating located at the bottom of the groove, highlighting the challenge of coating adhesion measurement in recessed geometries.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-diamond-tip-40-degree-stent-groove-testing.svg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26289" alt="nano scratch diamond tip 40 degree stent groove coating adhesion testing schematic" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 2: </span>Schematic of a 40° conical diamond tip designed for nano scratch testing inside stent grooves, enabling accurate adhesion measurement without sidewall interference.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">النتائج والمناقشة</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 100 μm, comparable to a human hair. Precise positioning is therefore critical to ensure the scratch test is performed at the center of the stent mesh. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester provides X–Y positioning accuracy down to 0.25 μm, enabling accurate test placement under the integrated optical microscope.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="641" data-end="857">Nano scratch testing is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch track on the stent is shown in Fig. 3a, while failure behavior at different stages is presented in Fig. 3b and 3c.</p><p data-start="859" data-end="893">Two critical loads are identified:</p><ul data-start="894" data-end="1061"><li data-section-id="14iz9qw" data-start="894" data-end="972">Lc1: the load at which the first visible damage appears on the coating</li><li data-section-id="1mmzt6b" data-start="973" data-end="1061">Lc2: the load at which the coating is fully removed and the substrate is exposed</li></ul><p data-start="1063" data-end="1226">The evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth is shown in Fig. 4, providing insight into the progression of coating failure during the test.</p><p data-start="1228" data-end="1499">The first signs of coating damage appear at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN. As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a wider and deeper scratch track. During this phase, the COF increases from approximately 0.05 to 0.7.</p><p data-start="1501" data-end="1756">At Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN, the coating is fully delaminated from the metal substrate. Beyond this point, as the load continues to increase, both COF and penetration depth remain relatively stable due to the mechanical support of the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23d3399 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="23d3399" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="404" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-nano-scratch-track-full-progressive-load.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26293" alt="nano scratch track stent coating progressive load adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Full Scratch Track</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-initial-failure-lc1-nano-scratch-14-5mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26294" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) <strong data-start="599" data-end="616">Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-delamination-lc2-nano-scratch-78-1mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26295" alt="stent coating delamination lc2 nano scratch 78.1 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) <strong data-start="625" data-end="642">Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 3: </span>Nano scratch track on a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing (a) full scratch path, (b) initial coating failure at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN, and (c) complete coating delamination at Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9cfe8c elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="c9cfe8c" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1751" height="725" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-stent-coating-failure-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26296" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating coefficient of friction depth progression adhesion failure" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 4: </span>Evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth during nano scratch testing of a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing the progression of coating failure and transition to substrate support.</p>								</div>
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									<p data-start="246" data-end="537">Failures during nano scratch testing up to a maximum load of 300 mN occur at critical loads below 100 mN. To enable a more quantitative comparison of coating performance, additional tests are performed with a maximum load of 100 mN on two stent samples, referred to as Sample 1 and Sample 2.</p><p data-start="539" data-end="794">Fig. 5 compares the scratch tracks of Sample 1 and Sample 2 after nano scratch testing. Sample 1 exhibits the first sign of coating damage at a critical load of Lc1 ≈ 13.2 mN, while Sample 2 shows initial failure at a higher load of Lc1 ≈ 21.1 mN.</p><p data-start="796" data-end="1002">Coating delamination occurs at 62.5 mN for Sample 1. In contrast, the coating on Sample 2 remains intact throughout the test, continuing to protect the metal substrate under the same loading conditions.</p><p data-start="1004" data-end="1350">This behavior is further reflected in the evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth, as shown in Fig. 6. When the diamond tip penetrates through the coating and contacts the metal substrate in Sample 1, the COF reaches a peak while the penetration depth decreases due to the increased stiffness of the underlying substrate.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample1-early-failure-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26297" alt="stent coating sample 1 early failure nano scratch track delamination adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 1 – Early Coating Failure</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample2-high-adhesion-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26298" alt="stent coating sample 2 high adhesion nano scratch track minimal damage testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) Sample 2 – Improved Coating Integrity</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 5: </span>Comparison of nano scratch tracks for two stent coatings, showing (a) early coating failure and delamination in Sample 1, and (b) improved coating integrity in Sample 2 under the same loading conditions.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="913" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-comparison-stent-coating-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26299" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating COF depth comparison sample 1 sample 2 adhesion performance" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 6: </span>Comparison of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth for Sample 1 and Sample 2 during nano scratch testing, showing earlier substrate contact and higher friction response in Sample 1, indicating weaker coating adhesion.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f64c74c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f64c74c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="279" data-end="601">As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 7, the grooved stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 90 μm, comparable to a human hair. The groove has a width of ~50 μm and a depth of 30 μm. This geometry presents a significant challenge for nano scratch testing, particularly for evaluating coating adhesion at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="603" data-end="847">Precise positioning is critical to locate the scratch test within the groove. The nano scratch test is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch tracks of grooved stent Samples 3 and 4 are compared in Fig. 7.</p><p data-start="849" data-end="1108">The critical load Lc is defined as the load at which the coating fails and the substrate becomes exposed. The evolution of normal load and penetration depth, shown in Fig. 8, provides further insight into the progression of coating failure during testing.</p><p data-start="1110" data-end="1331">As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a deeper scratch track. When the critical load Lc is reached, the coating delaminates from the metal substrate.</p><p data-start="1333" data-end="1516">Sample 3 exhibits coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN, while Sample 4 fails at a higher load of Lc ≈ 173 mN. This difference indicates stronger adhesion of the coating in Sample 4.</p><p data-start="1518" data-end="1773">The measured critical loads enable quantitative comparison of coating adhesion performance. Under the same testing conditions, the coating on Sample 4 demonstrates higher resistance to delamination, making it the better-performing candidate in this study.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-failure-sample3-nano-scratch-126mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26300" alt="stent groove coating failure sample 3 nano scratch 126 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) Sample 3 – Coating Failure in Groove (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-high-adhesion-sample4-nano-scratch-173mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26301" alt="stent groove coating adhesion sample 4 nano scratch 173 mN minimal failure testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(d) Sample 4 – Higher Adhesion in Groove (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 7: </span>Nano scratch tracks inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing (c) coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN in Sample 3 and (d) higher adhesion with delayed failure at Lc ≈ 173 mN in Sample 4.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample3-grooved-stent-failure.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26302" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 3 – Earlier Coating Failure (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample4-grooved-stent-high-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26303" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="319" data-end="387">(b) Sample 4 – Delayed Failure and Higher Adhesion (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 8: </span>Evolution of normal load and penetration depth during nano scratch testing inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing earlier coating failure in Sample 3 and delayed failure at higher load in Sample 4. The vertical green line indicates the critical load (Lc) where coating delamination occurs.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="245" data-end="468">This study demonstrates the ability of the NANOVEA Mechanical Tester to quantitatively evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of polymer coatings on both regular and grooved stent geometries using nano scratch testing.</p><p data-start="470" data-end="825">The recessed geometry of the stent grooves, approximately 50 μm wide and 30 μm deep, presents a significant challenge for coating adhesion measurement. The high X–Y positioning accuracy of 0.25 μm enables precise placement of the scratch test within these confined regions, allowing direct evaluation of coating performance where failure is most critical.</p><p data-start="827" data-end="1124">By applying a controlled, progressively increasing load, critical loads associated with coating failure can be identified and compared across samples. This approach enables reliable differentiation of coating adhesion performance and interfacial integrity, even on small, complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مراجع</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[I] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents</em><br /><em>[II] http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-99402006000300008 </em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is stent coating adhesion testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Stent coating adhesion testing evaluates how strongly a polymer coating is bonded to the metal substrate of a stent. Techniques such as nano scratch testing quantify the load at which coating damage and delamination occur, providing measurable indicators of adhesion strength.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is critical load (Lc) in nano scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Critical load (Lc) is the applied load at which a coating fails during a scratch test.</p><ul data-start="747" data-end="890"><li data-section-id="bhdxv4" data-start="747" data-end="813">Lc1 corresponds to the first visible damage in the coating</li><li data-section-id="4photk" data-start="814" data-end="890">Lc2 indicates complete coating removal and exposure of the substrate</li></ul><p data-start="892" data-end="967">These values are used to quantify and compare coating adhesion performance.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is coating adhesion important in drug-eluting stents?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Coating adhesion directly affects the reliability of drug-eluting stents. Poor adhesion can lead to coating delamination, which may compromise controlled drug release and increase the risk of device failure.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How do you measure coating adhesion inside stent grooves?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Measuring adhesion inside stent grooves requires high positioning accuracy and appropriate indenter geometry. Nano scratch testing with sharp diamond tips allows access to recessed coating regions, enabling direct evaluation of adhesion within complex stent geometries.</p>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d372dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3d372dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does coefficient of friction (COF) indicate in scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">The coefficient of friction (COF) reflects changes in surface interaction during the scratch test. A sudden increase in COF often indicates coating failure and contact between the indenter and the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How can nano scratch testing compare different coating formulations?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Nano scratch testing enables direct comparison of coatings by measuring critical loads under controlled conditions. Higher critical loads indicate stronger adhesion and improved resistance to delamination, allowing selection of better-performing coating systems.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Mar 2026 21:02:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26196</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Dental Surface Characterization Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry Request Surface Analysis Ask an Expert Live Prepared by Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA Introduction The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26196" class="elementor elementor-26196" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | Dental Surface Characterization</p>								</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26092" alt="Dental surface roughness measurement and 3D molar reconstruction using optical profilometry" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA</p>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at the nanometer scale, enables advanced research and applications in orthodontics and dental materials science. Non-contact optical profilometry provides a precise method for measuring dental surface roughness and analyzing tooth surface morphology without damaging delicate structures. These measurements support the development of composite dental materials that replicate the natural surface roughness of enamel, as well as the design and fabrication of patient-specific dental casts and restorative components.</p><p data-start="1460" data-end="1982">Low surface roughness plays a primary role in limiting bacterial adhesion and plaque formation, thereby reducing the risk of cavities. An increase in average roughness (Ra) above 2 µm leads to a steep increase in biofilm formation in vivo.¹ An Ra of 0.2 µm is considered the threshold value below which no further reduction in bacterial adhesion can be expected.²</p><p data-start="1984" data-end="2182">Reconstruction of the tooth’s 3D surface topography enables the fabrication of dental casts, which are essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and the fabrication of dental appliances.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Non-Contact Optical Profilometry for Dental Surface Analysis</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="232" data-end="713">The present study illustrates the potential of NANOVEA’s high-precision non-contact optical profilometers for dental surface roughness measurement and 3D tooth topography analysis. Chromatic Light technology offers significant advantages over classical touch probe techniques. It acquires data points from deep crevices and complex geometries without introducing measurement errors or artifacts caused by local plastic deformation and without requiring extensive data manipulation.</p><p data-start="715" data-end="1135">Compared to focus variation systems, single-point optical sensing provides superior lateral and height accuracy, with X/Y resolution below 0.5 µm, maximum vertical resolution of 1.9 nm, and the ability to measure surface angles up to 87°. The technique is effective on transparent, opaque, specular, diffusive, polished, and rough dental surfaces, making it well suited for comprehensive dental surface characterization.</p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> اعرف المزيد عن <a href="https://nanovea.com/surface-profiling-lab-services/">non-contact optical profilometry and surface roughness measurement services</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="313" data-end="697">في هذا التطبيق ، فإن ملف <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler</a> was used to analyze the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar previously affected by tooth decay. The side of the tooth was scanned using a PS2–MG140 single-point optical sensor to measure surface roughness parameters over a defined region of interest and along multiple line profiles.</p><p data-start="699" data-end="888">The crown of the tooth was then scanned and reconstructed using a PS5–MG35 single-point optical sensor, which is suited for larger-area acquisition and full 3D tooth topography measurement.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;"><br />نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">JR25 Portable</span><br />الملف الشخصي البصري</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-jr25-portable-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25699" alt="NANOVEA JR25 portable optical profilometer for non-contact surface measurement" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Measurement Using NANOVEA Optical Profilometer</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="914" data-end="1026">Surface roughness measurements were performed on the lateral side of the molar crown, followed by full 3D reconstruction of the crown surface. Separate single-point optical sensors were used to optimize measurement accuracy for both localized roughness analysis and large-area surface topography acquisition.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce29651 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="ce29651" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>PS2 – MG140</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/optical-profilometer-dental-surface-roughness-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26123" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Surface roughness analysis by area and parallel line profiles on the side of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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									<p>PS5 – MG35</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/3d-tooth-topography-measurement-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26122" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Full 3D surface reconstruction of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">معلمات القياس</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The following measurement parameters were used for localized surface roughness analysis and full 3D surface reconstruction of the molar crown using NANOVEA single-point optical sensors.</p>								</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table"><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Roughness Analysis (Area)</th><th>Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</th><th>Full 3D Reconstruction</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Optical Pen</td><td>PS2-MG140</td><td>PS2-MG140</td><td>PS5-MG35</td></tr><tr><td>Z-Range [µm]</td><td>300</td><td>300</td><td>10000</td></tr><tr><td>X-Distance [mm]</td><td>2.00</td><td>3.00</td><td>7.50</td></tr><tr><td>X-Step Size [µm]</td><td>1.70</td><td>1.70</td><td>10.00</td></tr><tr><td>Y-Distance [mm]</td><td>2.00</td><td>1.00</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>Y-Step Size [µm]</td><td>1.70</td><td>100.00</td><td>10.00</td></tr><tr><td>Averaging (Avg)</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Measurement Type</td><td>Direct</td><td>Direct</td><td>Direct</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition Mode</td><td>Single Frequency</td><td>Single Frequency</td><td>Dual Frequency</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition Rate [Hz]</td><td>200</td><td>200</td><td>100–400</td></tr><tr><td>Light Intensity [%]</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>100</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Optical Profilometry Results</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Yellow Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p>The image below shows a full 3D rendering of the yellow block’s surface.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1162" height="906" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-scanned-region-2d-height-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26127" alt="False-color 2D height map of scanned tooth surface region" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A least-squares degree-8 polynomial form removal was applied to isolate the surface roughness component. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 µm and L-Gaussian 0.8 mm were then applied according to ISO 25178. The resulting filtered surface and corresponding roughness parameters are presented below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="950" height="748" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-iso-25178-filtered-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26133" alt="" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper"><table class="iso-roughness-table"><tbody><!-- Filter Settings --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">ISO 25178 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>F:</strong> [Workflow] Form removed (LS-poly 8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><!-- Height Parameters Header --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td></tr><!-- Height Parameter Rows --><tr><td class="param-code">سكوير</td><td>2.433</td><td>µm</td><td>ارتفاع الجذر التربيعي</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">SSK</td><td>-0.102</td><td> </td><td>انحراف</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">SKU</td><td>3.715</td><td> </td><td>التفرطح</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sp</td><td>18.861</td><td>µm</td><td>أقصى ارتفاع ذروة</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">سيفيرت</td><td>16.553</td><td>µm</td><td>Maximum pit depth</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">س</td><td>35.414</td><td>µm</td><td>أقصى ارتفاع</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">سا</td><td>1.888</td><td>µm</td><td>حسابي يعني الارتفاع</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="117" data-end="216">The average surface roughness Sa is 1.888 µm, while the peak-to-valley height Sz reaches 35.414 µm.</p><p data-start="218" data-end="295">A 3D surface rendering of the filtered area is shown below for visualization.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="892" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-3d-render-iso-filtered.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26129" alt="3D rendering of ISO 25178 filtered tooth surface roughness" />															</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Surface roughness profiles were measured using a series of 11 parallel line scans along the X direction on the side of the tooth. The false-color 2D surface map of the raw scan is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-raw-scan-2d-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26143" alt="False-color 2D raw scan of tooth surface for line roughness profiles" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The surface form was removed using a least-squares 8-degree polynomial prior to applying the metrological filters, leaving the residual surface shown below.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-12d13ab elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="12d13ab" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-residual-after-form-removal.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26144" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A statistical analysis of the measured surface roughness profiles reveals the following line roughness parameters.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1670" height="606" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-profile-overlay-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26148" alt="Overlay of multiple tooth surface roughness profiles for statistical analysis" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> لا أحد</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">5.683</td><td class="center">0.761</td><td class="center">4.315</td><td class="center">6.610</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">6.242</td><td class="center">1.009</td><td class="center">4.701</td><td class="center">8.438</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">11.925</td><td class="center">1.676</td><td class="center">9.123</td><td class="center">15.048</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.063</td><td class="center">0.297</td><td class="center">1.710</td><td class="center">2.629</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.523</td><td class="center">0.361</td><td class="center">2.057</td><td class="center">3.175</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> لا أحد</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="184" data-end="276">The value of Ra is consistent with the Sa value extracted from the surface area measurement.</p><p data-start="278" data-end="659">Different metrological filters can be applied to distinguish between macroscopic waviness and microscopic surface roughness. For example, a coarser filter cut-off, such as the 8 mm cut-off used with the Robust Gaussian order-2 filter, produces a smoother waviness profile (red) that is less sensitive to sharp local variations and follows the original surface profile more loosely.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1855" height="800" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-waviness-vs-roughness-filter-comparison.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26158" alt="Comparison of waviness and roughness profiles on tooth surface using coarse filter" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Alternatively, a finer cut-off (e.g., 0.08 mm) enables the analysis of micro-roughness by removing the waviness component that follows the original profile at a larger scale, leaving the finer surface roughness features of the tooth visible.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1853" height="790" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-profile-filtering.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26159" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The microroughness analysis obtained using a 0.08 mm L-Gaussian filter is presented below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="431" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-final-profile.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26160" alt="Final microroughness profile of tooth surface after filtering" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> لا أحد</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.08 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (37)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.582</td><td class="center">0.122</td><td class="center">1.342</td><td class="center">1.748</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.466</td><td class="center">0.119</td><td class="center">1.254</td><td class="center">1.661</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">3.049</td><td class="center">0.196</td><td class="center">2.820</td><td class="center">3.409</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.495</td><td class="center">0.047</td><td class="center">0.423</td><td class="center">0.597</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.643</td><td class="center">0.056</td><td class="center">0.562</td><td class="center">0.762</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> لا أحد</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Full 3D Tooth Surface Topography Reconstruction</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The extended Z-scan range of the PS5 optical sensor enables high-fidelity scanning of the entire tooth crown surface. The resulting 3D surface topography is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="469" height="348" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-crown-surface-topography-3d-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26172" alt="False-color surface topography map of full tooth crown measured with optical profilometer" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">2D VIEW: </span>2D surface map of the tooth crown measured with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="930" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/molar-crown-3d-surface-reconstruction-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26173" alt="3D surface reconstruction of molar crown from optical profilometer scan" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">3D VIEW: </span>High-fidelity 3D rendering of the molar crown surface obtained with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="401" data-end="560">In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar.</p><p data-start="562" data-end="922">Both the area scan and the line profile analysis revealed a roughness Rq of approximately 2.5 µm and an Ra of about 1.9–2.0 µm. These values are consistent with results reported in the literature.³ The use of a narrower L-Gaussian filter with an 80 µm cut-off enabled further investigation of micro-roughness, revealing an Rq of 0.643 µm and an Ra of 0.495 µm.</p><p data-start="924" data-end="1270">The full 3D surface topography of the molar crown was reconstructed with high fidelity. The high measurement resolution allows detection of fine surface features and crevices. The resulting surface data can be easily processed and exported as STL files, enabling the design and fabrication of customized dental devices and restorative components.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مراجع</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[1] Shin, B.W., et al. Surface Roughness of Prefabricated Pediatric Zirconia Crowns Following Simulated Toothbrushing. Pediatric Dentistry 44.5 (2022): 363–367.</em><br /><em>[2] Bollen, C.M.L., Paul Lambrechts, and Marc Quirynen. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dental Materials 13.4 (1997): 258–269.</em><br /><em>[3] Suputtamongkol, K., et al. Surface roughness resulting from wear of lithia-disilicate-based posterior crowns. Wear 269.3–4 (2010): 317–322.</em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Dental Surface Roughness Measurement</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is dental surface roughness measurement?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Dental surface roughness measurement quantifies the microscopic texture of tooth surfaces using parameters such as Ra, Rq, and Sa. Optical profilometers measure these features without contacting the surface, allowing accurate analysis of enamel, restorative materials, and dental crowns.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why use optical profilometry to measure tooth roughness?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Optical profilometry provides non-contact surface measurement with nanometer-scale vertical resolution. It captures 2D surface maps and full 3D surface topography of dental structures without damaging soft or polished surfaces.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What roughness parameters are used for dental surface analysis?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Common roughness parameters include Ra (arithmetic mean roughness), Rq (root mean square roughness), Sa (areal roughness), and Sz (maximum surface height). These parameters help evaluate enamel wear, plaque adhesion risk, and the performance of restorative materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is surface roughness important in dentistry?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Surface roughness affects plaque retention, wear resistance, and the long-term performance of dental restorations. Controlling micro-roughness can reduce bacterial adhesion and improve the durability of dental materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Surface Roughness Measurement for Dental Materials?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>اختبار مقاومة الخدش لواقيات شاشة الهاتف للخدش</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الأربعاء, 12 نوفمبر 2025 17:42:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Fracture Toughness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Scratch Testing | Cohesive Failure]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=25222</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>اختبار مقاومة الخدوش في واقيات شاشات الهواتف من إعداد ستايسي بيريرا وجوسلين إسبارزا وبيير ليرو فهم مقاومة الخدوش في شاشات الهواتف تلعب الطلاءات الواقية على شاشات الهواتف دورًا حاسمًا في مقاومة الخدوش وقوة الالتصاق والمتانة على المدى الطويل. وبمرور الوقت، يمكن أن تؤدي الخدوش والتشققات الدقيقة وتشققات الطلاء إلى تقليل الوضوح البصري والموثوقية - خاصةً [...].</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%b4-%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a7/">Scratch Resistance Testing of Phone Screen Protectors</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="25222" class="elementor elementor-25222" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">اختبار مقاومة الخدش لواقيات شاشة الهاتف للخدش</h1>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/cracked-phone-screen-protector-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25259" alt="" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ستايسي بيريرا وجوسلين إسبارزا وبيير لورو</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">فهم مقاومة الخدش في واقيات شاشة الهاتف المحمول</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="327" data-end="820">تلعب الطلاءات الواقية على شاشات الهواتف دورًا حاسمًا في مقاومة الخدوش وقوة الالتصاق والمتانة على المدى الطويل. وبمرور الوقت، يمكن أن تؤدي الخدوش والتشققات الدقيقة وتشققات الطلاء إلى تقليل الوضوح البصري والموثوقية - خاصة في البيئات عالية الاستخدام. لتقييم كيفية مقاومة واقيات الشاشة المختلفة للضرر الميكانيكي، يوفر اختبار الخدش باستخدام الأجهزة رؤية قابلة للقياس الكمي لآليات فشل الطلاء، بما في ذلك الالتصاق والتماسك وسلوك الكسر.</p><p data-start="822" data-end="1136">في هذه الدراسة, <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">جهاز اختبار ميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000</a> يستخدم لمقارنة واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من مادة TPU مقابل واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من الزجاج المقسّى تحت التحميل التدريجي المتحكم به. باستخدام الكشف الدقيق للانبعاثات الصوتية، نحدد أحمال الفشل الحرجة ونميز كيفية استجابة كل مادة لزيادة الضغط الميكانيكي.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">لماذا يعتبر اختبار مقاومة الخدش مهمًا بالنسبة لواقيات الشاشة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">يفترض العديد من المستخدمين أن الواقيات الأكثر سمكًا أو الأكثر صلابة يكون أداؤها تلقائيًا أفضل، ولكن المتانة الحقيقية تعتمد على كيفية تصرف المادة تحت الحمل التدريجي وتشوه السطح والإجهاد الموضعي. يسمح اختبار الخدش الآلي للمهندسين بقياس التصاق الطلاء وقوة التماسك ومقاومة تآكل السطح والأحمال الدقيقة التي تبدأ عندها الأعطال أو تنتشر.</p><p data-start="1622" data-end="1964">من خلال تحليل نقاط بدء التصدع وسلوك التفكك وأنماط الفشل، يمكن للمصنعين التحقق من أداء واقي الشاشة لأغراض البحث والتطوير أو مراقبة الجودة أو القياس المقارن. يوفر اختبار الخدوش النانوية والخدوش الدقيقة رؤية قابلة للتكرار وقائمة على البيانات حول المتانة في العالم الحقيقي بما يتجاوز تقييمات الصلابة التقليدية.</p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> اعرف المزيد عن <a class="decorated-link cursor-pointer" href="https://nanovea.com/nanoindentation-and-scratch-testing-lab-services/" target="_new" rel="noopener" data-start="2047" data-end="2121">خدمات اختبار الخدش والالتصاق للطلاءات وواقيات الشاشة.</a></em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هدف اختبار الخدش: <br>قياس أحمال الفشل في واقيات الشاشة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1702" data-end="2144">الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو توضيح كيفية قيام جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000 بإجراء اختبار مقاومة الخدش القياسي القابل للتكرار على واقيات الشاشة البوليمرية والزجاجية. من خلال زيادة الحمل المطبق تدريجيًا، يكتشف النظام الأحمال الحرجة لفشل التماسك والالتصاق، ويلتقط إشارات الانبعاثات الصوتية، ويربط هذه الأحداث بعمق الخدش وقوة الاحتكاك وتشوه السطح.</p><p data-start="2146" data-end="2656">توفر هذه المنهجية صورة ميكانيكية كاملة لكل طلاء واقٍ، مما يسمح للمصنعين وفرق البحث والتطوير بتقييم تركيبات المواد وقوة التصاق الطلاء ومتانة السطح والسماكة المثلى للطلاء لتحسين أداء المنتج. تُعد تقييمات الخدش هذه جزءًا من مجموعة NANOVEA الأوسع نطاقًا من <a href="https://nanovea.com/mechanical-testers/">حلول الاختبارات الميكانيكية</a> تُستخدم لتوصيف الطلاءات والأغشية والركائز في بيئات البحث والتطوير ومراقبة الجودة والإنتاج.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">المنصة الكبيرة PB1000</span><br />اختبار ميكانيكي</p>								</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">تنزيل الكتيب</span>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على عرض أسعار</span>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/NANOVEA-Scratch-Tester-amd-Nanoindentation.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-22859" alt="جهاز اختبار الخدش النانوي: اختبار تآكل طلاء ptfe" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">معلمات اختبار الخدش وإعداد الجهاز</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">تم إجراء تقييم مقاومة الخدش لواقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من البولي يوريثان البولي يوريثان والزجاج المقسّى في ظل ظروف محكومة لضمان إمكانية التكرار والكشف الدقيق عن حمل الفشل. تحدد المعلمات التالية إعداد اختبار الخدش بالحمل التدريجي المستخدم في جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000.</p>								</div>
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<td style="width: 50.0898%; padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">نوع التحميل</td>
<td style="width: 49.9102%; padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">متقدم</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">التحميل الابتدائي</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">0.1 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">التحميل النهائي</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">12 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">سرعة انزلاق</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">3.025 مم/دقيقة</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">مسافة انزلاق</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">٣ مم</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">الهندسة للكرة المستخدمة كخارق</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">روكويل (مخروط 120 درجة)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">مادة المسافة البادئة (طرف)</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">دياموند</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">نصف قطر الخارق</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">50 ميكرومتر</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">أَجواء</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">الهواء</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">درجة حرارة</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">24 درجة مئوية (درجة حرارة الغرفة)</td>
</tr>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الجدول 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> <span class="fontstyle0">معلمات الاختبار المستخدمة في اختبار الخدش</span> <br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="658" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-mechanical-tester-screen-protector-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25228" alt="عينة من واقي الشاشة تخضع لاختبار الخدش على جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000" />															</div>
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									<p>عينة من واقي الشاشة مثبتة على جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000 أثناء قياس الخدش بالحمل التدريجي.</p>								</div>
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f60fe4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="f60fe4c" data-element_type="container">
					<div class="e-con-inner">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bb639a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="bb639a5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">عينات واقي الشاشة المستخدمة لاختبار مقاومة الخدش</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-76e6903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="76e6903" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="339" data-end="686">تم اختيار مادتي واقي شاشة متوفرتين تجاريًا لمقارنة الاختلافات في مقاومة الخدش وسلوك الفشل والمتانة الميكانيكية. تم تركيب كلتا العينتين بإحكام على جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000 وتم تقييمهما في ظروف تحميل تدريجي متطابقة لضمان إجراء مقارنة متسقة وغير متحيزة.</p><p data-start="688" data-end="1108">يمثل واقي الشاشة TPU طبقة بوليمرية مرنة ذات مرونة عالية ولكن مقاومة أقل للتآكل، بينما يمثل واقي الشاشة المصنوع من الزجاج المقسّى مادة صلبة وهشة مصممة لصلابة عالية وحماية معززة من الصدمات. يتيح اختبار كلتا المادتين تحت نفس ملف التحميل تقييمًا واضحًا لكيفية تأثير تركيبة المادة ومرونتها وصلابتها على أنماط فشل الخدش.</p>								</div>
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-10135bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="10135bc" data-element_type="container">
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5272048 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5272048" data-element_type="container">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70f48e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="70f48e8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p>واقي الشاشة TPU</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-576b237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="576b237" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="188" height="300" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-tpu-screen-protector-sample-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25234" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4e77ae1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4e77ae1" data-element_type="container">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d30e000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="d30e000" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p>زجاج مقسّى</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1cab53e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="1cab53e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="188" height="300" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-tempered-glass-screen-protector-sample-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25233" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b5b0615 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="b5b0615" data-element_type="container">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7a98ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="7a98ee7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">شكل ١:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من مادة TPU والزجاج المقسّى والمعدّة لاختبار مقاومة الخدوش.<br /></span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				</div>
					</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fa65c07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="fa65c07" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">نتائج اختبار الخدش: أنماط الفشل في واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من مادة TPU مقابل واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من الزجاج المقوى</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-402f283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="402f283" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 75%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;"><tbody><tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><td style="padding: 8px;">نوع واقي الشاشة</td><td style="padding: 8px;">الحمولة الحرجة #1 (ن)</td><td style="padding: 8px;">الحمولة الحرجة #2 (ن)</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">TPU</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">غير متاح</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">2.004 ± 0.063</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">زجاج معالج بالحرارة</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.608 ± 0.281</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">7.44 ± 0.995</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a483c12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a483c12" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الجدول 2:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> ملخص الأحمال الحرجة لكل عينة من واقيات الشاشة.</span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1be118e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1be118e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">نظرًا لأن واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من البولي بروبيلين المقوى (TPU) والزجاج المقسى لها خواص ميكانيكية مختلفة اختلافًا جوهريًا، فقد أظهرت كل عينة أنماط فشل مميزة وعتبات حمل حرجة أثناء اختبار الخدش التدريجي للحمل. يلخص الجدول 2 الأحمال الحرجة المقاسة لكل مادة.</p><p data-start="839" data-end="1181">يمثّل الحمل الحرج #1 أول نقطة يمكن ملاحظتها لفشل التماسك تحت المجهر الضوئي، مثل بدء التشقق أو الكسر الشعاعي.</p><p data-start="839" data-end="1181">يتوافق الحمل الحرج #2 مع أول حدث كبير يتم اكتشافه من خلال رصد الانبعاثات الصوتية (AE)، والذي يمثل عادةً فشلًا هيكليًا أكبر أو حدث اختراق.</p><h3 data-start="1188" data-end="1246"><strong data-start="1192" data-end="1244">واقي الشاشة TPU - سلوك البوليمر المرن</strong></h3><p data-start="1247" data-end="1487">أظهر واقي شاشة TPU حدثًا حرجًا واحدًا مهمًا (الحمل الحرج #2). يتوافق هذا الحمل مع النقطة على طول مسار الخدش حيث بدأ الغشاء في الرفع أو التقشير أو الانفصال عن سطح شاشة الهاتف.</p><p data-start="1489" data-end="1789">بمجرد تجاوز الحمولة الحرجة #2 (≈2.00 نيوتن)، اخترقت أداة التسديد بما يكفي لإحداث خدش مرئي مباشرةً على شاشة الهاتف لبقية الاختبار. لم يكن بالإمكان اكتشاف أي حدث منفصل للحمل الحرج #1، بما يتفق مع مرونة المادة العالية وقوة التماسك المنخفضة.</p><h3 data-start="1796" data-end="1864"><strong data-start="1800" data-end="1862">واقي الشاشة الزجاجي المقسّى - سلوك الفشل الهش</strong></h3><p data-start="1865" data-end="1977">أظهر واقي الشاشة المصنوع من الزجاج المقسّى حمولتين حرجتين متميزتين من خصائص المواد الهشة:</p><ul data-start="1979" data-end="2284"><li data-start="1979" data-end="2142"><p data-start="1981" data-end="2142">الحمل الحرج #1 (≈3.61 نيوتن): لوحظت كسور شعاعية وبدء التشقق تحت المجهر، مما يشير إلى فشل التماسك المبكر للطبقة الزجاجية.</p></li><li data-start="2143" data-end="2284"><p data-start="2145" data-end="2284">الحمل الحرج #2 (≈7.44 نيوتن): يشير الارتفاع الكبير في درجة حرارة AE والزيادة الحادة في عمق الخدش إلى اختراق الواقي عند الأحمال الأعلى.</p></li></ul><p data-start="2286" data-end="2495">على الرغم من أن حجم الإنبعاثات الكهرومغناطيسية كان أعلى من TPU، إلا أنه لم ينتقل أي ضرر إلى شاشة الهاتف، مما يدل على قدرة الواقي المصنوع من الزجاج المقسى على امتصاص وتوزيع الحمل قبل حدوث عطل كارثي.</p><p data-start="2497" data-end="2665">في كلتا المادتين، يتوافق الحمل الحرج #2 مع اللحظة التي اخترقت فيها المسافة البادئة واقي الشاشة، مما يؤكد الحد الحمائي لكل عينة.</p>								</div>
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					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b58c652 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b58c652" data-element_type="section">
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						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9febb5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="9febb5a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">واقي شاشة TPU: بيانات اختبار الخدش وتحليل الأعطال</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f785bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5f785bc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;"><tbody><tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><td style="padding: 8px;">يخدش</td><td style="padding: 8px;">الحمولة الحرجة #2 (ن)</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.033</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.047</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1.931</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">متوسط</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.003</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">الانحراف المعياري</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.052</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7253696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="7253696" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الجدول 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> الأحمال الحرجة التي تم قياسها أثناء اختبار خدش واقي الشاشة TPU.</span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88392d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="88392d4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="453" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-scratch-test-friction-normal-force-acoustic-emission-depth.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25239" alt="رسم بياني يوضح الاحتكاك، والقوة العادية، والانبعاثات الصوتية، والعمق مقابل طول الخدش لواقي الشاشة TPU الذي تم اختباره على جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bbb57c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="bbb57c8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 2:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> قوة الاحتكاك، والحمل العادي، والانبعاث الصوتي (AE)، وعمق الخدش مقابل طول الخدش لواقي الشاشة TPU. <span class="fontstyle0">(ب) الحمل الحرج #2</span><br /></span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ad56633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="ad56633" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-microscopy-critical-load-2-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25240" alt="" />															</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9e030f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="9e030f1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> صورة مجهرية بصرية لواقي شاشة TPU عند التحميل الحرج #2 (تكبير 5×؛ عرض الصورة 0.8934 مم).<br /></span></p>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4fd94cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="4fd94cf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="256" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-post-scratch-test-full-length-image.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25241" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-048465a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="048465a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> صورة كاملة الطول بعد الخدش لواقي شاشة TPU تُظهر مسار الخدش الكامل بعد اختبار التحميل التدريجي.</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"><br /></span></p>								</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b076c23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b076c23" data-element_type="section">
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						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c25f696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c25f696" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">واقي الشاشة الزجاجي المقسّى: بيانات الحمولة الحرجة وسلوك الكسر</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88858e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88858e4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
<td style="padding: 8px;">يخدش</td>
<td style="padding: 8px;">الحمولة الحرجة #1 (ن)</td>
<td style="padding: 8px;">الحمولة الحرجة #2 (ن)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.923</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">7.366</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.382</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">6.483</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.519</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">8.468</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">متوسط</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.653</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">6.925</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">الانحراف المعياري</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.383</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.624</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-93c922d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="93c922d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الجدول 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> الأحمال الحرجة التي تم قياسها أثناء اختبار خدش واقي الشاشة الزجاجي الحراري.</span></p>								</div>
				</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> للمقارنة مع طلاءات البوليمر غير السيليكات، انظر دراستنا عن <a href="https://nanovea.com/ptfe-coating-wear-test/">اختبار تآكل طلاء PTFE</a>, والذي يسلط الضوء على سلوك الفشل في أغشية البوليمر منخفضة الاحتكاك في ظل ظروف تحميل تدريجي مماثلة.</em></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="453" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-scratch-test-friction-normal-force-acoustic-emission-depth.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25242" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 5:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> قوة الاحتكاك، والحمل العادي، والانبعاث الصوتي (AE)، وعمق الخدش مقابل طول الخدش لواقي الشاشة الزجاجي المقسّى. <span class="fontstyle0">(أ) الحمل الحرج #1 (ب) الحمل الحرج #2</span><br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="380" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-microscopy-critical-load-1-and-2.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25243" alt="صور مجهرية ضوئية تُظهر مواقع الأعطال الحرجة #1 والحرجة #2 على واقي الشاشة الزجاجي المقسّى أثناء اختبار الخدش بتكبير 5 أضعاف باستخدام جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA." />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 6:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> صور مجهرية ضوئية تُظهر مواقع الفشل للحمل الحرج #1 (يسار) والحمل الحرج #2 (يمين) بتكبير 5× (عرض الصورة: 0.8934 مم).<br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="252" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-post-scratch-test-microscopy-critical-load-1-and-2.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25244" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">الشكل 7:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> صورة مجهرية ضوئية بعد الاختبار لمسار خدش الزجاج المقسّى، تبرز بدء الكسر (CL#1) ومنطقة الاختراق النهائي (CL#2) بعد اختبار الحمل التدريجي.<br /></span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">الخلاصة: مقارنة الأداء ضد الخدش بين واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من مادة TPU مقابل واقيات الشاشة الزجاجية المقواة</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843">توضح هذه الدراسة كيف أن جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA PB1000 يوفر قياسات مقاومة الخدش الميكانيكية التي يمكن التحكم فيها وتكرارها وحساسيتها العالية باستخدام التحميل التدريجي والكشف عن الانبعاثات الصوتية (AE). ومن خلال الالتقاط الدقيق لأحداث الفشل المتماسكة واللاصقة على حد سواء، يتيح النظام إجراء مقارنة واضحة لكيفية تصرف واقيات الشاشة المصنوعة من البولي يوريثان ثلاثي البولي يوريثان والزجاج المقسى تحت ضغط ميكانيكي متزايد.</p><p data-start="845" data-end="1188">تؤكد النتائج التجريبية أن الزجاج المقسّى يُظهر أحمالاً حرجة أعلى بكثير من البولي يوريثان تيرفثالات البولي يوريثان TPU، مما يوفر مقاومة فائقة للخدش وتأخر بدء الكسر وحماية موثوقة ضد اختراق البادئ. تسلط قوة التماسك المنخفضة لبلاستيك TPU والتفكك المبكر الضوء على محدوديته في البيئات عالية الضغط.</p><p data-start="845" data-end="1188">بعد تحديد أحمال الأعطال، يمكن أيضًا تحليل مسارات الخدش الناتجة باستخدام <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">مقياس الملامح البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد غير المتصل</a> لقياس عمق الأخدود والتشوه المتبقي وتضاريس ما بعد الخدش. يساعد ذلك في استكمال المظهر الميكانيكي لكل مادة.</p><p data-start="1190" data-end="1564">صُمم جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي NANOVEA لاختبار المسافة البادئة والخدش والتآكل بدقة وقابلة للتكرار، ويدعم وحدات النانو والميكرو المتوافقة مع معايير ISO و ASTM. إن تعدد استخداماته يجعله حلاً مثاليًا لتقييم المظهر الميكانيكي الكامل للأغشية الرقيقة والطلاءات والبوليمرات والنظارات والركائز في مجالات البحث والتطوير والإنتاج ومراقبة الجودة.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">الأسئلة المتداولة <br> حول اختبار مقاومة الخدش</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ما هو اختبار مقاومة الخدش؟</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">يقيّم اختبار مقاومة الخدش كيفية استجابة المادة أو الطلاء عندما يطبق قلم ماسي حملاً متزايدًا تدريجيًا. يحدد الاختبار الأحمال الحرجة التي يحدث فيها فشل في التماسك أو الالتصاق، مما يوفر مقياسًا قابلاً للقياس الكمي لقوة التحمل وقوة الالتصاق ومقاومة التلف السطحي.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ما الفرق بين فشل التماسك والالتصاق؟</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">يحدث فشل التماسك <em data-start="840" data-end="848">ضمن</em> الطلاء أو المادة، مثل التشقق أو التمزق أو الكسر الداخلي.<br data-start="921" data-end="924" />يحدث تعطل المادة اللاصقة عندما ينفصل الطلاء عن الركيزة، مما يشير إلى عدم كفاية قوة الترابط.</p><p data-start="168" data-end="494">يكتشف جهاز NANOVEA PB1000 كلاهما باستخدام مراقبة الانبعاثات الصوتية المتزامنة وتتبع عمق الخدش وتحليل الاحتكاك.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">لماذا استخدام جهاز اختبار ميكانيكي بدلاً من الطرق اليدوية؟</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">يوفر جهاز الاختبار الميكانيكي مثل NANOVEA PB1000 قياسات دقيقة وقابلة للتكرار وموحدة، مما يضمن بيانات موثوقة للبحث والتطوير والتحقق من صحة الإنتاج ومراقبة الجودة. كما أنه يوفر ميزات متقدمة، مثل الكشف عن الانبعاثات الصوتية ومراقبة العمق في الوقت الحقيقي، والتي لا يمكن للطرق اليدوية توفيرها.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هل تحتاج إلى اختبار خدش موثوق للمواد الخاصة بك؟</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">ناقش اختباراتك مع أحد المهندسين</span>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على عرض أسعار لاختبار الخدش</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%b4-%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%a7/">Scratch Resistance Testing of Phone Screen Protectors</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>قياس التآكل في الموقع عند درجة حرارة عالية</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a2%d9%83%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%a7/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=in-situ-wear-measurement-at-high-temperature</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a2%d9%83%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%a7/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الثلاثاء، 29 ديسمبر 2020 22:20:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[High Temperature Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rotational Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tribology Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=10121</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>IN SITU WEAR MEASUREMENT AT HIGH TEMPERATURE USING TRIBOMETER Prepared by Duanjie Li, PhD INTRODUCTION The Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is a type of robust electrical transformer used to measure linear displacement. It has been widely used in a variety of industrial applications, including power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites, nuclear reactors, and many [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a2%d9%83%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%a7/">In Situ Wear Measurement at High Temperature</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="10121" class="elementor elementor-10121" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">في الموقع ، ارتدي القياس في درجات حرارة عالية</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">استخدام ثلاثي الأبعاد</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="302" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IN-SITU-WEAR-MEASUREMENT-Aerospace-Tribology.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9629" alt="داخل الموقع ارتدِ القياس ثلاثي الأبعاد في الفضاء" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">دوانجي لي ، دكتوراه</h2>				</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a68714 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="4a68714" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>المحول التفاضلي الخطي المتغير (LVDT) هو نوع من المحولات الكهربائية القوية المستخدمة لقياس الإزاحة الخطية. لقد تم استخدامه على نطاق واسع في مجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات الصناعية ، بما في ذلك توربينات الطاقة ، والمكونات الهيدروليكية ، والأتمتة ، والطائرات ، والأقمار الصناعية ، والمفاعلات النووية ، وغيرها الكثير.</p>
<p>في هذه الدراسة، نعرض الوظائف الإضافية لـ LVDT ووحدات درجة الحرارة المرتفعة في NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">ثلاثي الأبعاد</a> والتي تسمح بقياس تغيير عمق مسار التآكل للعينة المختبرة أثناء عملية التآكل في درجات حرارة مرتفعة. يتيح ذلك للمستخدمين ربط المراحل المختلفة لعملية التآكل مع تطور COF، وهو أمر بالغ الأهمية في تحسين الفهم الأساسي لآلية التآكل والخصائص الاحتكاكية للمواد المستخدمة في تطبيقات درجات الحرارة المرتفعة.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8eb27be elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="8eb27be" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>هدف القياس</p>								</div>
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									<p><i>في هذه الدراسة. نود أن نعرض قدرة NANOVEA T50 Tribometer للمراقبة في الموقع لتطور عملية تآكل المواد في درجات حرارة مرتفعة.</i></p><p><i>تتم محاكاة عملية تآكل سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا عند درجات حرارة مختلفة بطريقة محكومة ومراقب.</i></p>								</div>
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									<p>نانوفيا</p>								</div>
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									<p>T50</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t50/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="705" height="695" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Robust-Tribometer-Nanovea-T50.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9876" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">إجراء الاختبار</h2>				</div>
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									<p>تم تقييم السلوك الترابطي ، مثل معامل الاحتكاك ، COF ، ومقاومة التآكل لألواح سيراميك الألومينا بواسطة NANOVEA Tribometer. تم تسخين صفيحة سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا بواسطة فرن من درجة حرارة الغرفة ، RT ، إلى درجات حرارة مرتفعة (400 درجة مئوية و 800 درجة مئوية) ، متبوعة باختبارات التآكل عند درجات الحرارة هذه. </p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">للمقارنة ، تم إجراء اختبارات التآكل عند تبريد العينة من 800 درجة مئوية إلى 400 درجة مئوية ثم إلى درجة حرارة الغرفة. تم تطبيق طرف كرة AI2O3 (قطر 6 مم ، درجة 100) ضد العينات المختبرة. تمت مراقبة COF وعمق التآكل ودرجة الحرارة في الموقع.</span></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e62194a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="e62194a" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>معلمات الاختبار</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">من قياس دبوس على القرص</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="783" height="150" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Test-parameters-of-the-pin-on-disk-measurement-09.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9647" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="461" height="436" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tribometer-Sample-LVDT.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9644" alt="نموذج تريبيومتر LVDT" />															</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-daca6c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="daca6c8" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>تم تقييم معدل التآكل ، K ، باستخدام الصيغة K = V / (Fxs) = A / (Fxn) ، حيث V هو الحجم البالي ، F هو الحمل الطبيعي ، s هو مسافة الانزلاق ، A هو المقطع العرضي منطقة مسار التآكل ، و n هي عدد الدورات. تم تقييم خشونة السطح وملامح مسار التآكل بواسطة NANOVEA Optical Profiler ، وتم فحص مورفولوجيا مسار التآكل باستخدام مجهر بصري.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">النتائج والمناقشة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>يظهر عمق COF وعمق مسار التآكل المسجل في الموقع في الشكل 1 والشكل 2 ، على التوالي. في الشكل 1 ، يشير &quot;-I&quot; إلى الاختبار الذي تم إجراؤه عند زيادة درجة الحرارة من RT إلى درجة حرارة مرتفعة. يمثل &quot;-D&quot; انخفاض درجة الحرارة من ارتفاع درجة حرارة 800 درجة مئوية.</p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">كما هو مبين في الشكل 1 ، فإن العينات التي تم اختبارها في درجات حرارة مختلفة تظهر COF قابلة للمقارنة تبلغ 0.6 تقريبًا في جميع أنحاء القياسات. تؤدي نسبة COF المرتفعة إلى عملية تآكل متسارعة تخلق كمية كبيرة من الحطام. تمت مراقبة عمق مسار التآكل أثناء اختبارات التآكل بواسطة LVDT كما هو موضح في الشكل 2. توضح الاختبارات التي تم إجراؤها في درجة حرارة الغرفة قبل تسخين العينة وبعد تبريد العينة أن صفيحة سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا تعرض عملية تآكل تدريجية عند RT ، التآكل يزداد عمق الجنزير تدريجياً طوال اختبار التآكل إلى ~ 170 و ~ 150 ميكرومتر ، على التوالي. </span></p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">بالمقارنة ، تُظهر اختبارات التآكل في درجات حرارة مرتفعة (400 درجة مئوية و 800 درجة مئوية) سلوك تآكل مختلف - يزداد عمق مسار التآكل على الفور في بداية عملية التآكل ، ويتباطأ مع استمرار الاختبار. تبلغ أعماق مسار التآكل للاختبارات التي يتم إجراؤها عند درجات حرارة 400 درجة مئوية و 800 درجة مئوية و 400 درجة مئوية ~ 140 و ~ 350 و ~ 210 ميكرومتر ، على التوالي.</span></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-383bb84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="383bb84" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="785" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Coefficient-of-Friction-during-pin-on-desk-Tests-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9954" alt="COF أثناء الاختبارات المثبتة على المكتب في درجات حرارة مختلفة" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>شكل 1. </i></b>
<span>معامل الاحتكاك أثناء اختبارات التثبيت على القرص عند درجات حرارة مختلفة</span></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="799" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Evolution-of-wear-track-depth-of-the-alumina-silicate-ceramic-plate-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9955" alt="ارتداء عمق مسار لوحة سيراميك الألومينا سيليكات في درجات حرارة مختلفة" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>الشكل 2. </i></b>
<span>تطور عمق مسار التآكل للوحة سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا عند درجات حرارة مختلفة</span> 
<br style="line-height: normal;text-align: -webkit-auto">
</h2>				</div>
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									<p>تم قياس متوسط معدل التآكل وعمق مسار التآكل لألواح السيراميك سيليكات الألومينا عند درجات حرارة مختلفة باستخدام <b><i>نانوفيا</i></b> ملف التعريف البصري كما تم تلخيصه في <b><i>الشكل 3</i></b>. يتوافق عمق مسار التآكل مع ذلك المسجل باستخدام LVDT. تُظهر لوحة سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا زيادة كبيرة في معدل التآكل بحوالي 0.5 مم 3 / نيوتن متر عند 800 درجة مئوية ، مقارنة بمعدلات التآكل التي تقل عن 0.2 مم 3 / نيوتن عند درجات حرارة أقل من 400 درجة مئوية. لا تُظهر صفيحة سيليكات الألومينا خصائص ميكانيكية / ترايبولوجية مُحسَّنة بشكل كبير بعد عملية التسخين القصيرة ، حيث تمتلك معدل تآكل مشابه قبل وبعد المعالجة الحرارية.</p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا ، المعروف أيضًا باسم الحمم البركانية والعجائب ، ناعم وقابل للتشغيل الآلي قبل المعالجة بالتسخين. يمكن لعملية إطلاق طويلة في درجات حرارة مرتفعة تصل إلى 1093 درجة مئوية أن تعزز بشكل كبير صلابتها وقوتها ، وبعد ذلك يلزم تصنيع الماس. هذه الخاصية الفريدة تجعل سيراميك سيليكات الألومينا مادة مثالية للنحت.</span></p><p>في هذه الدراسة ، أظهرنا أن المعالجة الحرارية عند درجة حرارة أقل من تلك المطلوبة للحرق (800 درجة مئوية مقابل 1093 درجة مئوية) في وقت قصير لا تحسن الخصائص الميكانيكية والترايبولوجية لسيراميك الألومينا ، مما يجعل الحرق المناسب أمرًا ضروريًا معالجة هذه المادة قبل استخدامها في التطبيقات الحقيقية.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1687" height="1211" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Wear-rate-and-wear-track-depth-of-the-sample-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9962" alt="معدل التآكل وعمق مسار التآكل للعينة عند درجات حرارة مختلفة 1" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>الشكل 3. </i></b>
معدل التآكل وعمق مسار التآكل للعينة عند درجات حرارة مختلفة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>بناءً على التحليل الترايبولوجي الشامل في هذه الدراسة ، أظهرنا أن صفيحة سيراميك الألومينا تُظهر معامل احتكاك مماثل عند درجات حرارة مختلفة من درجة حرارة الغرفة إلى 800 درجة مئوية. ومع ذلك ، فإنه يظهر زيادة كبيرة في معدل التآكل ~ 0.5 مم 3 / نيوتن متر عند 800 درجة مئوية ، مما يدل على أهمية المعالجة الحرارية المناسبة لهذا السيراميك.</p><p>NANOVEA ثلاثي المقاييس قادرة على تقييم الخصائص الترايبولوجية للمواد للتطبيقات في درجات حرارة عالية تصل إلى 1000 درجة مئوية. تسمح وظيفة COF في الموقع وقياسات عمق مسار التآكل للمستخدمين بربط المراحل المختلفة من عملية التآكل بتطور COF ، وهو أمر بالغ الأهمية في تحسين الفهم الأساسي لآلية التآكل والخصائص الترايبولوجية للمواد المستخدمة في درجات حرارة مرتفعة.</p>								</div>
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									<p>توفر أجهزة قياس الاحتكاك من NANOVEA اختبار تآكل واحتكاك دقيق وقابل للتكرار باستخدام أوضاع دوارة وخطية متوافقة مع ISO و ASTM ، مع تآكل اختياري بدرجة حرارة عالية ، ووحدات تزييت وتآكل تريبو متوفرة في نظام واحد متكامل مسبقًا. تعد مجموعة NANOVEA التي لا مثيل لها حلاً مثاليًا لتحديد النطاق الكامل للخصائص الترايبولوجية للطلاءات الرقيقة أو السميكة أو الناعمة أو القاسية والأغشية والركائز.</p><p>تتوفر ملفات التعريف الاختيارية ثلاثية الأبعاد غير الملامسة للتصوير ثلاثي الأبعاد عالي الدقة لمسارات التآكل بالإضافة إلى قياسات السطح الأخرى مثل الخشونة.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="546" height="308" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IN-SITU-WEAR-MEASUREMENT-1-1.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9973" alt="قياس ارتداء داخل الموقع" />															</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a2%d9%83%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%a7/">In Situ Wear Measurement at High Temperature</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>تحليل سطح مقياس السمك باستخدام ملف التعريف البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%b3%d8%b7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fish-scale-surface-analysis-using-3d-optical-profiler</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%b3%d8%b7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الثلاثاء، 29 ديسمبر 2020 02:56:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Step Height and Thickness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Volume and Area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=10003</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>تحليل سطح قشور السمك باستخدام جهاز التحليل البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد تعرف على المزيد من المعلومات</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%b3%d8%b7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af/">Fish Scale Surface Analysis Using 3D Optical Profiler</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="10003" class="elementor elementor-10003" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>تحليل سطح مقياس السمك باستخدام ملف التعريف البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد</p><p>يتعلم أكثر</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">تحليل سطح مقياس السمك</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">باستخدام 3D OPTICAL PROFILER</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="290" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometry-08.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-10005" alt="مقياس ملامح قشور الأسماك" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أندريا نوفيتسكي</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>تتم دراسة الشكل والأنماط والميزات الأخرى لمقياس السمك باستخدام NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">ملف التعريف البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد غير المتصل</a>. إن الطبيعة الدقيقة لهذه العينة البيولوجية بالإضافة إلى أخاديدها الصغيرة جدًا وذات الزوايا العالية تسلط الضوء أيضًا على أهمية تقنية عدم الاتصال الخاصة بالمحدد. تسمى الأخاديد الموجودة على المقياس بالدائرة، ويمكن دراستها لتقدير عمر السمكة، وحتى التمييز بين فترات معدلات النمو المختلفة، المشابهة لحلقات الشجرة. هذه معلومات مهمة جدًا لإدارة مجموعات الأسماك البرية من أجل منع الصيد الجائر.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أهمية قياس ملامح عدم الاتصال ثلاثي الأبعاد للدراسات البيولوجية</h2>				</div>
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									<p>على عكس التقنيات الأخرى مثل مجسات اللمس أو قياس التداخل ، يمكن لملف التعريف البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد غير المتصل ، باستخدام اللوني المحوري ، قياس أي سطح تقريبًا. يمكن أن تختلف أحجام العينات على نطاق واسع بسبب التدريج المفتوح وليس هناك حاجة لتحضير العينة. يتم الحصول على ميزات النانو من خلال النطاق الكلي أثناء قياس المظهر الجانبي للسطح بتأثير صفري من انعكاس العينة أو امتصاصها. توفر الأداة قدرة متقدمة على قياس زوايا السطح العالية بدون معالجة البرامج للنتائج. يمكن قياس أي مادة بسهولة ، سواء كانت شفافة أو غير شفافة أو مرآوية أو منتشرة أو مصقولة أو خشنة. توفر هذه التقنية قدرة مثالية وواسعة وسهلة الاستخدام لتحقيق أقصى قدر من الدراسات السطحية جنبًا إلى جنب مع مزايا القدرات ثنائية وثلاثية الأبعاد المدمجة.</p>								</div>
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									<p>هدف القياس</p>								</div>
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									<p>في هذا التطبيق ، نعرض NANOVEA ST400 ، ملف تعريف ثلاثي الأبعاد غير متصل بمستشعر عالي السرعة ، مما يوفر تحليلًا شاملاً لسطح المقياس.</p><p>تم استخدام الأداة لمسح العينة بأكملها ، إلى جانب مسح أعلى دقة للمنطقة المركزية. تم قياس خشونة السطح الخارجي والداخلي للمقياس للمقارنة أيضًا.</p>								</div>
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									<p>نانوفيا</p>								</div>
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									<p>ST400</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st400/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="808" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Optical-Profilometry-ST400.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9556" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">توصيف السطح ثلاثي الأبعاد وثنائي الأبعاد للمقياس الخارجي</h2>				</div>
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									<p>يُظهر العرض ثلاثي الأبعاد وعرض الألوان الزائفة للمقياس الخارجي بنية معقدة تشبه بصمة الإصبع أو حلقات الشجرة. يوفر هذا للمستخدمين أداة مباشرة لمراقبة خصائص سطح المقياس مباشرة من زوايا مختلفة. يتم عرض قياسات أخرى مختلفة للمقياس الخارجي جنبًا إلى جنب مع مقارنة الجانب الخارجي والداخلي للمقياس.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="519" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-False-Color.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10009" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="466" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-3D-View.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10010" alt="مقياس السمك المسح الضوئي ثلاثي الأبعاد مقياس الملامح" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="687" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometry-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10011" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="430" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-Volume.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10014" alt="مقياس السمك المسح الضوئي بحجم ثلاثي الأبعاد" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="340" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-Step-Height.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10015" alt="مقياس السمك المسح الضوئي الخطوة الارتفاع 3D ملف التعريف البصري" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span>مقارنة خشونة السطح</span> <br style="font-style: normal;font-weight: normal;line-height: normal;text-align: -webkit-auto;text-transform: none"></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="424" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-3D-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10016" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="380" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometer-3D-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10017" alt="مقياس السمك مقياس الملامح 3D المسح" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>في هذا التطبيق ، أظهرنا كيف يمكن لملف التعريف البصري NANOVEA 3D Non-Contact Optical Profiler أن يميز مقياس السمك بعدة طرق. </p><p>يمكن تمييز الأسطح الخارجية والداخلية للميزان بسهولة عن طريق خشونة السطح وحدها ، بقيم خشونة تبلغ 15.92 ميكرومتر و 1.56 ميكرومتر على التوالي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يمكن التعرف على معلومات دقيقة ودقيقة حول مقياس الأسماك من خلال تحليل الأخاديد أو الدوائر الموجودة على السطح الخارجي للمقياس. تم قياس مسافة نطاقات الدوائر من مركز البؤرة ، ووجد أيضًا أن ارتفاع الدائرة يبلغ ارتفاعها حوالي 58 ميكرون في المتوسط. </p><p>تمثل البيانات الموضحة هنا جزءًا فقط من الحسابات المتوفرة في برنامج التحليل.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هل لديك تطبيق مماثل؟</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">ناقش الأمر مع أحد الخبراء الآن</span>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على الأسعار والتفاصيل بسرعة</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%b3%d8%b7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af/">Fish Scale Surface Analysis Using 3D Optical Profiler</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي (DMA) مسح التردد على البوليمر</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%b9/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dynamic-mechanical-analysis-frequency-sweep-on-polymer</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%b9/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الجمعة، 13 نوفمبر 2020 00:21:49+0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Hardness and Elastic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Loss and Storage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mechanical Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9335</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>DMA FREQUENCY SWEEP ON POLYMER USING NANOINDENTATION Prepared by Duanjie Li, PhD INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS FREQUENCY SWEEP TEST The changing frequency of the stress often leads to variations in the complex modulus, which is a critical mechanical property of polymers. For example, tires are subjected to cyclical high deformations when vehicles are [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%b9/">Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Frequency Sweep on Polymer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9335" class="elementor elementor-9335" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">اكتساح تردد DMA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">على البوليمر باستخدام تحديد النانو</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="282" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DMA-FREQUENCY-SWEEP-on-Polymer-Nanoindentation.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9336" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">دوانجي لي ، دكتوراه</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أهمية اختبار التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي التردد</h2>				</div>
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									<p>غالبًا ما يؤدي التردد المتغير للإجهاد إلى اختلافات في المعامل المعقد، وهي خاصية ميكانيكية مهمة للبوليمرات. على سبيل المثال، تتعرض الإطارات لتشوهات دورية عالية أثناء سير المركبات على الطريق. يتغير تردد الضغط والتشوه مع تسارع السيارة إلى سرعات أعلى. مثل هذا التغيير يمكن أن يؤدي إلى اختلاف في خصائص اللزوجة المرنة للإطار، وهي عوامل مهمة في أداء السيارة. هناك حاجة إلى اختبار موثوق وقابل للتكرار للسلوك اللزج المرن للبوليمرات عند ترددات مختلفة. وحدة النانو في NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/mechanical-testers/">اختبار ميكانيكي </a>يولد حملًا جيبيًا بواسطة مشغل بيزو عالي الدقة ويقيس بشكل مباشر تطور القوة والإزاحة باستخدام خلية تحميل فائقة الحساسية ومكثف. إن الجمع بين الإعداد السهل والدقة العالية يجعله أداة مثالية لمسح تردد التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي.</p>								</div>
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									<p>تُظهر المواد اللزجة المرنة خصائص لزجة ومرنة عند تعرضها للتشوه. تساهم السلاسل الجزيئية الطويلة في مواد البوليمر في خواصها المرنة اللزجة الفريدة ، أي مزيج من خصائص كل من المواد الصلبة المرنة والسوائل النيوتونية. يلعب كل من الإجهاد ودرجة الحرارة والتكرار وعوامل أخرى أدوارًا في خصائص المرونة اللزجة. التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي ، المعروف أيضًا باسم التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي (DMA) ، يدرس سلوك المرونة اللزجة والمعامل المعقد للمادة عن طريق تطبيق إجهاد جيبي وقياس تغير الانفعال.</p>								</div>
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									<p>هدف القياس</p>								</div>
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									<p><em>في هذا التطبيق، نقوم بدراسة خصائص اللزوجة المرنة لعينة إطار مصقول عند ترددات DMA مختلفة باستخدام أقوى جهاز اختبار ميكانيكي، NANOVEA PB1000، في <a href="https://nanovea.com/nano-indentation-tester/">nanoindentation</a> وضع.</em></p>								</div>
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									<p>نانوفيا</p>								</div>
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									<p>PB1000</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="750" height="804" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-PB1000-scratch-test-and-indentation.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9934" alt="nanoindenter واختبار الصفر Nanovea PB1000" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">شروط الاختبار</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">الترددات (هرتز):</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>0.1, 1.5, 10, 20</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">وقت الخلط في كل تكرار.</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">50 ثانية</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1 فولت</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">نوع إندينتر</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">كروي</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">الماس | 100 ميكرومتر</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tire-Sample-Lab-Testing-DMA.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9339" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>النتائج والمناقشة</i></h2>				</div>
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									<p>يسمح اكتساح تردد التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي عند الحد الأقصى للحمل بقياس سريع وبسيط لخصائص اللزوجة المرنة للعينة عند ترددات تحميل مختلفة في اختبار واحد. يمكن استخدام انزياح الطور واتساع موجات الحمل والإزاحة عند ترددات مختلفة لحساب مجموعة متنوعة من الخصائص الأساسية المطاطية اللزجة للمواد ، بما في ذلك <i>معامل التخزين</i>, <i>معامل الخسارة</i> و <i>تان (δ)</i> على النحو الملخص في الرسوم البيانية التالية. </p><p>تتوافق ترددات 1 و 5 و 10 و 20 هرتز في هذه الدراسة مع سرعات تبلغ حوالي 7 و 33 و 67 و 134 كيلومترًا في الساعة. مع زيادة تردد الاختبار من 0.1 إلى 20 هرتز ، يمكن ملاحظة أن كلا من معامل التخزين ومعامل الخسارة يزدادان تدريجياً. ينخفض تان (δ) من ~ 0.27 إلى 0.18 مع زيادة التردد من 0.1 إلى 1 هرتز ، ثم يزداد تدريجياً إلى ~ 0.55 عند الوصول إلى التردد 20 هرتز. يسمح مسح تردد التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي (DMA) بقياس اتجاهات معامل التخزين ومعامل الفقد والتان (δ) ، والتي توفر معلومات حول حركة المونومرات والربط المتبادل وكذلك التزجج للبوليمرات. من خلال رفع درجة الحرارة باستخدام لوحة التسخين أثناء اكتساح التردد ، يمكن الحصول على صورة أكثر اكتمالاً لطبيعة الحركة الجزيئية في ظل ظروف اختبار مختلفة.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>تطور الحمل والعمق</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>من SWEEP تردد DMA الكامل</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="374" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Load-and-Depth-DMA-Frequency-Sweep.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9352" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>LOAD &amp; DEPTH مقابل الوقت بترددات مختلفة</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="794" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Load-and-Depth-vs-Time-at-DMA-Frequencies.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9353" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>معامل التخزين</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>بترددات مختلفة</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="847" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Storage-Modulus-DMA-Frequencies.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9343" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>وحدة الخسارة</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>بترددات مختلفة</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="868" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Loss-Modulus-DMA-Frequencies.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9344" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>تان (δ) </i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>بترددات مختلفة</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="644" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/TAN-δ-DMA-Frequeency.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9345" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>في هذه الدراسة ، عرضنا قدرة جهاز NANOVEA الميكانيكي في إجراء اختبار اكتساح التردد للتحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي على عينة من الإطارات. يقيس هذا الاختبار خصائص اللزوجة المرنة للإطار عند ترددات مختلفة من الإجهاد. يُظهر الإطار زيادة في معامل التخزين والفقد مع زيادة تردد التحميل من 0.1 إلى 20 هرتز. يوفر معلومات مفيدة عن سلوكيات اللزوجة المرنة للإطار الذي يعمل بسرعات مختلفة ، وهو أمر ضروري في تحسين أداء الإطارات لركوب أكثر سلاسة وأمانًا. يمكن إجراء اختبار مسح التردد DMA في درجات حرارة مختلفة لتقليد بيئة العمل الواقعية للإطار في ظل ظروف جوية مختلفة.</p><p>في وحدة النانو لجهاز اختبار NANOVEA الميكانيكي ، يكون تطبيق الحمل مع الضغط السريع مستقلاً عن قياس الحمل الذي يتم بواسطة مقياس ضغط منفصل عالي الحساسية. يعطي هذا ميزة واضحة أثناء التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي حيث يتم قياس المرحلة بين العمق والحمل مباشرة من البيانات التي تم جمعها من المستشعر. حساب المرحلة مباشر ولا يحتاج إلى نمذجة رياضية تضيف عدم دقة إلى معامل الخسارة والتخزين الناتج. هذا ليس هو الحال بالنسبة لنظام قائم على الملف.</p><p>في الختام ، يقيس التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي (DMA) معامل الخسارة والتخزين والمعامل المعقد و Tan () كدالة لعمق التلامس والوقت والتردد. تسمح مرحلة التسخين الاختيارية بتحديد درجة حرارة انتقال طور المواد أثناء التحليل الميكانيكي الديناميكي (DMA). توفر أجهزة اختبار NANOVEA الميكانيكية وحدات Nano و Micro متعددة الوظائف لا مثيل لها على منصة واحدة. تشتمل كل من وحدات Nano و Micro على جهاز اختبار الخدش واختبار الصلابة وأوضاع اختبار التآكل ، مما يوفر أوسع نطاق من الاختبارات وأكثرها سهولة في الاستخدام متاحًا على وحدة واحدة.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%b9/">Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Frequency Sweep on Polymer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>طبوغرافيا عدسة فرينل</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%84/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fresnel-lens-topography</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الثلاثاء، 20 أكتوبر 2020 17:47:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Flatness and Warpage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Step Height and Thickness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9253</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>FRESNEL LENS TOPOGRAPHYUSING 3D NON-CONTACT OPTICAL PROFILOMETER Prepared by Duanjie Li &#38; Benjamin Mell INTRODUCTION A lens is an optical device of axial symmetry that transmits and refracts light. A simple lens consists of a single optical component for converging or diverging the light. Even though spherical surfaces are not ideal shape for making a lens, they [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%84/">Fresnel Lens Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9253" class="elementor elementor-9253" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<h1 style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 60px; color: #1b96cf; display: block;">طوبوغرافيا عدسة فرينل</span><span style="font-size: 32px; color: #000;">الاستخدام </span><span style="font-size: 32px;">3D </span><span style="font-size: 32px; font-family: inherit;">مقياس الملامح البصري غير المتصل</span></h1>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="793" height="224" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Inspection-Lighthouse.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9254" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أُعدت بواسطة</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">العدسة هي جهاز بصري للتناظر المحوري ينقل وينكسر الضوء. تتكون العدسة البسيطة من مكون بصري واحد لتقريب الضوء أو تشعبه. على الرغم من أن الأسطح الكروية ليست شكلًا مثاليًا لصنع العدسة ، إلا أنها غالبًا ما تُستخدم كأبسط شكل يمكن طحن الزجاج به وصقله.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">تتكون عدسة فرينل من سلسلة من الحلقات متحدة المركز ، وهي أجزاء رقيقة من عدسة بسيطة بعرض صغير يصل إلى بضعة أجزاء من الألف من البوصة. تحتوي عدسات فرينل على فتحة كبيرة وطول بؤري قصير ، مع تصميم مضغوط يقلل من وزن وحجم المواد المطلوبة ، مقارنة بالعدسات التقليدية التي لها نفس الخصائص البصرية. تُفقد كمية صغيرة جدًا من الضوء بسبب الامتصاص بسبب الهندسة الرقيقة لعدسة فرينل.</span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أهمية القياس الشخصي ثلاثي الأبعاد غير الملامس لفحص عدسة فريسنل</h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-73d3a21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="73d3a21" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p>تُستخدم عدسات فريسنل على نطاق واسع في صناعة السيارات والمنارات والطاقة الشمسية وأنظمة الهبوط البصرية لحاملات الطائرات. إن صب العدسات أو ختمها من البلاستيك الشفاف يمكن أن يجعل إنتاجها فعالاً من حيث التكلفة. تعتمد جودة خدمة عدسات فريسنل في الغالب على دقة وجودة سطح الحلقة متحدة المركز. على عكس تقنية مسبار اللمس، NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">ملفات التعريف البصرية</a> قم بإجراء قياسات سطحية ثلاثية الأبعاد دون لمس السطح، وتجنب خطر حدوث خدوش جديدة. تعتبر تقنية Chromatic Light مثالية للمسح الدقيق للأشكال المعقدة، مثل العدسات ذات الأشكال الهندسية المختلفة.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9fdd79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b9fdd79" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">رسم تخطيطي لعدسة فريسنل</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="423" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Schematic-Technical-Drawing.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9263" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>يمكن تصنيع عدسات فريسنل البلاستيكية الشفافة بالقولبة أو الختم. تعد مراقبة الجودة الدقيقة والفعالة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية للكشف عن قوالب الإنتاج أو الطوابع المعيبة. من خلال قياس ارتفاع ونغمة الحلقات متحدة المركز ، يمكن اكتشاف اختلافات الإنتاج من خلال مقارنة القيم المقاسة مع قيم المواصفات التي قدمتها الشركة المصنعة للعدسة.</p><p>يضمن القياس الدقيق لمظهر العدسة تشكيل القوالب أو الأختام بشكل صحيح لتلائم مواصفات الشركة المصنعة. علاوة على ذلك ، يمكن أن يبلى الطابع تدريجيًا بمرور الوقت ، مما يؤدي إلى فقده لشكله الأولي. يعد الانحراف المستمر عن مواصفات الشركة المصنعة للعدسات مؤشرًا إيجابيًا على أن القالب بحاجة إلى الاستبدال.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dcda51c elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="dcda51c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هدف القياس</h2>				</div>
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									<p>في هذا التطبيق، نعرض جهاز NANOVEA ST400، وهو جهاز تحليل الملامح ثلاثي الأبعاد غير المتصل المزود بمستشعر عالي السرعة، يوفر تحليلاً شاملاً ثلاثي الأبعاد للمكون البصري ذي الشكل المعقد. ولإظهار القدرات الرائعة لتقنية الضوء اللوني الخاصة بنا، يتم إجراء تحليل الملامح على عدسة فرينل.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-84f0c30 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="84f0c30" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">نانوفيا <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">ST400 مساحة كبيرة</span><br />مقياس الملامح البصري ثلاثي الأبعاد</p>								</div>
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		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-782ebf0 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child" data-id="782ebf0" data-element_type="container">
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					<a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://nanovea.com/st400-profilometer-brochure-form/" id="homepage-button-brochure">
						<span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper">
									<span class="elementor-button-text">تنزيل الكتيب</span>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-345b950 elementor-align-center homepage-button-quote elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="345b950" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default">
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					<a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://nanovea.com/contact-sales-form/" id="homepage-button-quote">
						<span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper">
									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على عرض أسعار</span>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st500">
							<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/3D-Surface-Profilometer-NANOVEA-ST400.png" title="" alt="مقياس الملامح السطحية غير التلامسية ثلاثي الأبعاد NANOVEA" class="elementor-animation-grow" loading="lazy" />								</a>
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									<p><i>تتكون عدسة فرينل الأكريليك مقاس 2.3 بوصة × 2.3 بوصة المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة من </i></p><p><i>سلسلة من الحلقات متحدة المركز ومقطع عرضي مسنن معقد. </i></p><p><i>لها طول بؤري 1.5 بوصة ، قطر حجم فعال 2.0 بوصة ، </i></p><p><i>125 أخاديد في البوصة ، ومعامل انكسار 1.49.</i></p>								</div>
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									<p><em>يُظهر مسح NANOVEA ST400 لعدسة Fresnel زيادة ملحوظة في ارتفاع الحلقات متحدة المركز ، متحركًا إلى الخارج من المركز.</em></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="639" height="541" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Scan-Evaluation-Quality-Control.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9271" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2D FALSE COLOR</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>تمثيل الارتفاع</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="797" height="564" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-3D-Scan-Profilometer-Topography.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9272" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">عرض ثلاثي الأبعاد</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0e9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d5d0e9e" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>الملف الشخصي المستخرج</i></b></h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6a6e93f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="6a6e93f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="297" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-QC-Extracted-Profiler.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9273" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>الذروة والوادي </i></h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b4bf21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="6b4bf21" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>تحليل الأبعاد للملف الشخصي</i></h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-db04e16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="db04e16" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="464" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Dimensional-Analysis-of-the-Profile.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9274" alt="" />															</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc06239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="fc06239" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>في هذا التطبيق ، أظهرنا أن NANOVEA ST400 ملف التعريف البصري غير الملامس يقيس بدقة التضاريس السطحية لعدسات فريسنل. </p><p>يمكن تحديد أبعاد الارتفاع والميل بدقة من ملف التعريف المسنن المعقد باستخدام برنامج التحليل NANOVEA. يمكن للمستخدمين فحص جودة قوالب الإنتاج أو الأختام بشكل فعال من خلال مقارنة ارتفاع الحلقة وأبعاد الميل للعدسات المصنعة مقابل مواصفات الحلقة المثالية.</p><p>تمثل البيانات الموضحة هنا جزءًا فقط من الحسابات المتوفرة في برنامج التحليل. </p><p>تقيس ملفات التعريف الضوئية من NANOVEA أي سطح تقريبًا في المجالات بما في ذلك أشباه الموصلات والإلكترونيات الدقيقة والطاقة الشمسية والألياف البصرية والسيارات والفضاء والمعادن والآلات والطلاء والأدوية والطب الحيوي والبيئي والعديد من المجالات الأخرى.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هل لديك تطبيق مماثل؟</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">ناقش الأمر مع أحد الخبراء الآن</span>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على الأسعار والتفاصيل بسرعة</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%84/">Fresnel Lens Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<item>
		<title>فحص الأجزاء المجهزة</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a9/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=machined-parts-inspection</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a9/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>الثلاثاء، 08 سبتمبر 2020 21:17:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Flatness and Warpage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Volume and Area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9130</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a9/">Machined Parts Inspection</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9130" class="elementor elementor-9130" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">قطع غيار الآلات</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">الفحص من نموذج CAD باستخدام قياس السمات ثلاثية الأبعاد</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مؤلف:</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">دوانجي لي ، دكتوراه</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">تمت مراجعته من</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">جوسلين اسبارزا</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="793" height="224" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machined-Parts-Inspection.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9131" alt="فحص الأجزاء المجهزة بمقياس ملف التعريف" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقدمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>يتزايد الطلب على الآلات الدقيقة القادرة على إنشاء أشكال هندسية معقدة عبر مجموعة من الصناعات. من الفضاء والطب والسيارات إلى التروس التقنية والآلات والآلات الموسيقية ، يدفع الابتكار المستمر والتطور التوقعات ومعايير الدقة إلى آفاق جديدة. ونتيجة لذلك ، نشهد ارتفاع الطلب على تقنيات وأدوات الفحص الصارمة لضمان أعلى جودة للمنتجات.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">أهمية قياس ملامح عدم التلامس ثلاثي الأبعاد لفحص الأجزاء</h2>				</div>
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									<p>تعد مقارنة خصائص الأجزاء المصنعة بنماذج CAD الخاصة بهم أمرًا ضروريًا للتحقق من التفاوتات والالتزام بمعايير الإنتاج. يعد الفحص أثناء وقت الخدمة أمرًا حاسمًا أيضًا لأن تآكل الأجزاء قد يتطلب استبدالها. سيساعد تحديد أي انحرافات عن المواصفات المطلوبة في الوقت المناسب في تجنب الإصلاحات المكلفة وتوقف الإنتاج وتشويه السمعة.</p><p>على عكس تقنية مسبار اللمس، فإن تقنية NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">ملفات التعريف البصرية</a> إجراء عمليات مسح سطحي ثلاثية الأبعاد بدون أي اتصال، مما يسمح بإجراء قياسات سريعة ودقيقة وغير مدمرة للأشكال المعقدة بأعلى دقة.</p>								</div>
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									<p>هدف القياس</p>								</div>
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									<p>في هذا التطبيق ، نعرض NANOVEA HS2000 ، ملف تعريف ثلاثي الأبعاد غير متصل بجهاز استشعار عالي السرعة ، يقوم بإجراء فحص شامل للسطح للأبعاد ونصف القطر والخشونة. </p><p>كل ذلك في أقل من 40 ثانية.</p>								</div>
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									<p>نانوفيا</p>								</div>
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									<p>HS2000</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/hs2000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Optical-Profilometry-HS2000.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9554" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">نموذج CAD</h2>				</div>
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									<p>يعد القياس الدقيق للأبعاد وخشونة السطح للجزء المُشغل آليًا أمرًا بالغ الأهمية للتأكد من أنه يلبي المواصفات المطلوبة والتفاوتات والتشطيبات السطحية. فيما يلي عرض للنموذج ثلاثي الأبعاد والرسم الهندسي للجزء المراد فحصه.&nbsp;</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">عرض اللون الكاذب</h2>				</div>
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									<p>تتم مقارنة عرض اللون الخاطئ لنموذج CAD وسطح الجزء الممسوح ضوئيًا في الشكل 3. يمكن ملاحظة اختلاف الارتفاع على سطح العينة من خلال التغيير في اللون.</p><p>يتم استخراج ثلاثة ملفات تعريف ثنائية الأبعاد من المسح السطحي ثلاثي الأبعاد كما هو موضح في الشكل 2 لمزيد من التحقق من تحمل الأبعاد للجزء المشكل.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="973" height="1024" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Profilometry.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9137" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">مقارنة ونتائج الملامح</h2>				</div>
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									<p>يتم عرض الملفات الشخصية من 1 إلى 3 في الأشكال من 3 إلى 5. ويتم إجراء فحص التسامح الكمي من خلال مقارنة الملف الشخصي المقاس بنموذج CAD لدعم معايير التصنيع الصارمة. الملف الشخصي 1 والملف الشخصي 2 يقيسان نصف قطر المناطق المختلفة على الجزء المشكل المنحني. اختلاف ارتفاع الملف الشخصي 2 هو 30 ميكرومتر على طول 156 ملم والذي يلبي متطلبات التفاوت المطلوبة ± 125 ميكرومتر. </p><p>من خلال إعداد قيمة حد التسامح ، يمكن لبرنامج التحليل تحديد نجاح أو فشل الجزء المُشغل آليًا.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1651" height="767" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9138" alt="فحص أجزاء الماكينة بمقياس ملف التعريف" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="262" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9139" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>تلعب خشونة وتوحيد سطح الجزء المشكل دورًا مهمًا في ضمان جودته ووظائفه. الشكل 6 عبارة عن مساحة سطح مستخرجة من الفحص الرئيسي للجزء المشكل والذي تم استخدامه لتحديد تشطيب السطح. تم حساب متوسط خشونة السطح (Sa) ليكون 2.31 ميكرومتر.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="313" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer-3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9140" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">خاتمة</h2>				</div>
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									<p>في هذه الدراسة ، أظهرنا كيف يقوم NANOVEA HS2000 Non-Contact Profiler المجهز بجهاز استشعار عالي السرعة بإجراء فحص شامل للسطح للأبعاد والخشونة. </p><p>تمكن عمليات المسح عالية الدقة المستخدمين من قياس التشكل التفصيلي والميزات السطحية للأجزاء المصنعة ومقارنتها كميًا بنماذج CAD الخاصة بهم. الجهاز قادر أيضًا على اكتشاف أي عيوب بما في ذلك الخدوش والشقوق. </p><p>يعمل تحليل الكنتور المتقدم كأداة لا مثيل لها ليس فقط لتحديد ما إذا كانت الأجزاء المصنعة تفي بالمواصفات المحددة ، ولكن أيضًا لتقييم آليات فشل المكونات البالية.</p><p>تمثل البيانات الموضحة هنا جزءًا فقط من الحسابات الممكنة باستخدام برنامج التحليل المتقدم الذي يأتي مزودًا بكل ملف تعريف بصري NANOVEA.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">هل لديك تطبيق مماثل؟</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">احصل على الأسعار والتفاصيل بسرعة</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar/%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a9/">Machined Parts Inspection</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/ar">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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