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	<title>Note applicative su profilometria, struttura e grana - NANOVEA: Profilometri, tribometri, nanoindentatori e graffiatori avanzati per le prove sui materiali</title>
	<atom:link href="https://nanovea.com/it/category/application-notes/profilometry-testing/profilometry-texture-grain/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://nanovea.com/it/categoria/note-sullapplicazione/test-di-profilometria/profilometria-grana-texture/</link>
	<description>Strumenti metrologici per la ricerca e il controllo qualità dei materiali</description>
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	<title>Note applicative su profilometria, struttura e grana - NANOVEA: Profilometri, tribometri, nanoindentatori e graffiatori avanzati per le prove sui materiali</title>
	<link>https://nanovea.com/it/categoria/note-sullapplicazione/test-di-profilometria/profilometria-grana-texture/</link>
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		<title>Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 17:55:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26423</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Medical Device Tribology Nano-Friction and Wear Testing of Pacing Lead Insulation in Hanks’ Solution Tribological analysis of silicone and polyether-polyurethane endocardial lead materials Request Medical Device Wear Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Duanjie Li, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction A pacemaker is a medical [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/">Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26423" class="elementor elementor-26423" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | Medical Device Tribology</p>								</div>
				</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction and Wear Testing of Pacing Lead Insulation in Hanks’ Solution</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Tribological analysis of silicone and polyether-polyurethane endocardial lead materials</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">Request Medical Device Wear Testing</span>
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															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1400" height="420" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-wear-testing-pacing-lead-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26449" alt="Medical illustration of a pacemaker with two endocardial pacing leads routed into the heart for pacing lead insulation wear testing context" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Research &amp; Experimental Testing</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Visual Design &amp; Editorial</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Andrew Shore</p>				</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">A pacemaker is a medical device used to regulate heart rhythm and maintain an adequate heart rate. It is typically implanted in the chest or abdomen and sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle through endocardial pacing leads.</p>
As pacemakers remain a widely used treatment for cardiac rhythm disorders, the quality and service life of pacing leads are critical to long-term device performance. Lead failures can create serious risks for patients and may require surgical replacement, making <a href="https://nanovea.com/friction-wear-testing-lab-services/">pacing lead insulation wear testing</a> an important part of material evaluation for implantable cardiac devices.<sup>1–5</sup>								</div>
				</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="1262" height="417" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/endocardial-pacing-leads-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26425" alt="Endocardial pacing leads with insulated lead bodies used in implantable cardiac devices" />															</div>
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									<p>Endocardial pacing leads transmit electrical impulses from a pacemaker to the heart while operating in a dynamic body-fluid environment.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why Friction and Wear Matter for Endocardial Lead Insulation</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The outer insulation material of an endocardial lead requires several key properties, including biological inertness, high flexibility, fracture toughness, and long service life. Low friction can reduce interaction between the lead and the blood vessel, helping minimize vessel irritation during implantation and movement.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance is also critical. Endocardial leads experience continuous movement from the heart and surrounding body structures, while operating in a body-fluid environment that can influence friction, wear, and material response.</p><p>Because of this complex environment, endocardial lead insulation should be evaluated using <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">controlled tribological methods</a> that simulate relevant contact conditions. Testing in Hanks’ solution allows the friction and wear behavior of lead insulation materials to be compared under a simulated body-fluid condition rather than relying only on dry testing.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="1200" height="598" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-test-setup-pacing-lead-insulation.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26426" alt="Nano-friction test setup for measuring pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Nano-friction test setup used to evaluate endocardial pacing lead insulation materials under low-load contact conditions.</p>								</div>
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		</section>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Obiettivo di misurazione</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">This study compares the nano-friction and wear behavior of endocardial pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution. Silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials were evaluated to determine how each material responds under simulated body-fluid conditions.</p><p>Low-load nano-friction testing was performed using the Nano Module of the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">Tester meccanico NANOVEA</a> to measure coefficient of friction at controlled contact force. Reciprocating wear testing was then performed using a <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t50/">NANOVEA Tribometer</a> to compare wear resistance under linear sliding contact.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">T50 compatto</span> <br>
Tribometro a peso libero</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">PB1000 Piattaforma grande</span>
Collaudatore meccanico</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Principle</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction Measurement Principle</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Nano-friction testing measures the coefficient of friction (COF) between the test surface and a controlled counter material under very low applied load. In this study, the indenter made contact with the pacing lead insulation surface while the Nano Module maintained a constant load throughout the measurement.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The Nano Module uses a fast piezoelectric system and load cell to adjust the ball position and keep the applied load stable during sliding. The sample is moved at a controlled speed while lateral force is measured and plotted against displacement.</p><p>A stainless steel ball with a 6 mm diameter is commonly used for this type of measurement, although other counter materials, shapes, and sizes can be selected to simulate different contact conditions. This allows pacing lead insulation materials to be evaluated under controlled low-load friction conditions relevant to biomedical device applications.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="621" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/nano-friction-measurement-principle-schematic.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26433" alt="Schematic of the nano-friction measurement principle showing a ball-tip indenter under controlled constant load, a capacitive depth sensor, non-destructive load, and reciprocating sample motion on a friction spring table" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Nano-friction measurement schematic showing controlled low-load sliding contact and lateral force measurement during reciprocating motion.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Reciprocating Wear Principle</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Reciprocating wear testing evaluates material response under repeated linear sliding contact. A flat or spherical counter material is loaded against the test sample with a precisely known force, while the sample moves back and forth in a controlled reciprocating motion.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The counter material, such as a pin or ball, is mounted on a stiff lever that functions as a low-friction force transducer. As the sample moves, frictional forces between the counter material and the sample are measured using a strain gauge sensor on the tribometer arm.</p><p>After the test, the resulting wear track can be examined to compare material damage, wear scar geometry, and surface response. This method allows friction and wear behavior to be studied under controlled conditions, including variations in time, contact pressure, sliding speed, temperature, humidity, and lubrication environment.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="557" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/reciprocating-wear-principle-schematic.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26434" alt="Schematic of the reciprocating wear principle showing adjustable weights, tribometer arm, pin or ball holder, strain gauge, sample stage, linear wear track, and linear reciprocating motion" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Linear reciprocating wear schematic showing a pin or ball counterface sliding across the sample to generate a wear track under controlled load.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb35d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="dfb35d7" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Procedura di prova</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The coefficient of friction (COF) of the pacing lead materials was measured against a stainless steel 440 ball with a 6 mm diameter. Testing was performed using the Nano Module of the Nanovea Mechanical Tester.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">The sample was immersed in Hanks’ solution to simulate a body-fluid environment. A low applied load of 50 mN was maintained throughout the test, while the ball slid against the lead surface at a constant speed of 20 mm/min over a total sliding distance of 10 mm.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance was evaluated using a Nanovea Tribometer with the Linear Reciprocating Wear Module. During the wear test, a stainless steel 303 block measuring 10 × 10 mm² was used as the counter material, and the coefficient of friction was recorded in situ at 0.1 s intervals.</p><p>After testing, the resulting wear tracks were examined under an optical microscope to compare surface damage on the silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials. Stainless steel was used as the counter material in this study; however, custom fixtures and alternative counter materials can be used to simulate specific application conditions.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Sample</td>
<td>Leads made of silicone or polyether-polyurethane (PP)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Normal force</td>
<td>1 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Velocità</td>
<td>200 cycles/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Duration of test</td>
<td>5 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ambiente</td>
<td>Hanks’ solution</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Wear test parameters used to evaluate silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in Hanks’ solution.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Risultati e discussione</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nano-Friction Test</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">The nano-friction behavior of the silicone and polyether-polyurethane (PP) pacing lead materials was first evaluated using the Nano Module of the Nanovea Mechanical Tester. The coefficient of friction was measured in both dry conditions and Hanks’ solution to compare material response under ambient and simulated body-fluid environments.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Both materials showed significantly lower coefficient of friction in Hanks’ solution than under dry conditions. In Hanks’ solution, the silicone lead exhibited a COF of approximately 0.15, while the polyether-polyurethane lead exhibited a lower COF of approximately 0.05. Under dry conditions, the values were substantially higher, at approximately 0.6 for silicone and 0.5 for polyether-polyurethane.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">These results demonstrate the importance of testing pacing lead insulation materials under application-relevant environmental conditions. Hanks’ solution had a strong effect on the measured friction behavior, showing that dry testing alone may not represent the tribological response of lead insulation materials in a simulated body-fluid environment.</p><p>The low-load control of the Nano Module allowed the applied force to remain constant at 50 mN during the measurement. This enabled controlled simulation of low-contact-force interaction between the lead material and surrounding biological structures.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="817" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/pacing-lead-insulation-coefficient-of-friction-hanks-solution.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26435" alt="Graph comparing coefficient of friction of silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in dry conditions and Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Coefficient of friction comparison for silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in dry conditions and Hanks’ solution.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f64c74c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f64c74c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Wear Test</h3>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">Wear resistance was evaluated using a Nanovea Tribometer to compare the silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead materials in Hanks’ solution. After testing, the lead surfaces were examined visually and under optical microscopy to compare the extent of wear damage.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">The silicone lead showed a large wear scar with a width of approximately 1.2 mm. Microscopic observation indicated severe wear on the silicone lead, with parallel deep grooves formed along the movement direction of the rubbing block.</p>
<p class="isSelectedEnd">In comparison, the polyether-polyurethane lead showed a narrower wear scar of approximately 0.6 mm. The observed wear was milder, with only several small scratches visible on the shallow surface.</p>
Wear of the lead outer insulation can contribute to pacing and sensing abnormalities, making wear resistance an important factor in endocardial lead material selection.<sup>6</sup> These results indicate that polyether-polyurethane provided lower friction and better wear resistance than silicone under the tested conditions.								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ad7433 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5ad7433" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>Before-and-after wear comparison of silicone and polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surfaces, including 400x microscope images showing more severe wear on silicone and milder wear on polyether-polyurethane.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-baa9b12 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="baa9b12" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="895" height="550" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-before-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26437" alt="Silicone pacing lead surface before wear testing in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Silicone pacing lead surface before reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="895" height="550" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-before-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26438" alt="Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface before wear testing in Hanks’ solution" />															</div>
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									<p>Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface before reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c1e5fb elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="4c1e5fb" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="884" height="562" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-after-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26439" alt="Silicone pacing lead surface after wear testing showing a large wear scar" />															</div>
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									<p>Silicone pacing lead surface after wear testing, showing a pronounced wear scar.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="884" height="562" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-after-wear.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26440" alt="Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface after wear testing showing a smaller wear scar" />															</div>
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									<p>Polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface after reciprocating wear testing.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-768f86a elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="768f86a" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="874" height="649" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/silicone-pacing-lead-after-wear-400x.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26441" alt="Microscope image at 400x magnification showing severe wear grooves on silicone pacing lead surface" />															</div>
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									<p>400x microscope image of the silicone pacing lead after wear testing, showing deep parallel wear grooves.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="874" height="649" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/polyether-polyurethane-pacing-lead-after-wear-400x.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26442" alt="Microscope image at 400x magnification showing mild wear on polyether-polyurethane pacing lead surface" />															</div>
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									<p>400x microscope image of the polyether-polyurethane pacing lead after wear testing, showing comparatively mild surface wear.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="isSelectedEnd">This study demonstrated the use of low-load nano-friction testing and reciprocating wear testing to evaluate endocardial pacing lead insulation materials in Hanks’ solution. The Nano Module of the NANOVEA Mechanical Tester measured coefficient of friction under controlled low-load contact, while the NANOVEA Tribometer simulated wear behavior under reciprocating sliding motion.</p><p class="isSelectedEnd">Testing in Hanks’ solution showed a clear difference between silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead materials. Polyether-polyurethane exhibited lower coefficient of friction and better wear resistance than silicone under the tested conditions, making it the stronger candidate for the outer insulation material of endocardial pacing leads in this study.</p><p>These results highlight the importance of evaluating biomedical materials under application-relevant environments rather than relying only on dry testing. Controlled nano-friction and tribology testing can help compare candidate materials, quantify friction response, and evaluate wear resistance for implantable medical device components.</p><p>The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester&#8217;s Nano, Micro, and Macro modules operate within a single ISO and ASTM compliant platform, enabling consistent evaluation of hardness, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and wear from a single system. The NANOVEA Tribometer similarly supports rotative and linear wear modes with optional high-temperature, corrosion, and liquid environment modules.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cee3530 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="cee3530" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Riferimenti</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[1] Magney JE, Flynn DM, Parsons JA, Staplin DH, Chin-Purcell MV, Milstein S, Hunter DW. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16:445–457.</em><br /><em>[2] Jacobs DM, Fink AS, Miller RP, Anderson WR, McVenes RD, Lessar JF, Cobian KE, et al. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16:434–444.<br />[3] Gupta K, Villareal RP, Rasekh A, Massumi A. Tex Heart Inst J. 2003; 30:84–85.<br />[4] Magney JE, Parsons JA, Flynn DM, Hunter DW. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995; 18:1509–1517.<br />[5] Kazama S, Nishiyama K, Machii M, Tanaka K, Amano T, Nomura T, Ohuchi M, et al. Jpn Heart J. 1993; 34:193–200.<br />[6] Andrzej K, Barbara M, Agnieszka K, Marcin G. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013; 36(12):1503–1511.<br /></em></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2dee8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a2dee8e" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How do you evaluate friction and wear behavior of pacing lead insulation?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Pacing lead insulation can be evaluated using low-load friction testing and reciprocating wear testing. These methods measure coefficient of friction, wear scar formation, and surface damage under controlled load, motion, and environmental conditions.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is low-load friction testing important for endocardial leads?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Endocardial leads operate under relatively low contact forces while interacting with blood vessels, tissue, and surrounding structures. Low-load friction testing helps evaluate how insulation materials behave under contact conditions that are closer to the application than high-force mechanical testing alone.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does coefficient of friction indicate in pacing lead material testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Coefficient of friction indicates how much resistance occurs during sliding contact between the lead insulation and a counter material. In this study, lower COF values in Hanks’ solution showed that the test environment had a strong effect on the measured friction behavior of silicone and polyether-polyurethane materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why compare silicone and polyether-polyurethane lead insulation materials?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Silicone and polyether-polyurethane are commonly considered for flexible biomedical insulation applications because they can provide different combinations of flexibility, durability, and surface response. Comparing them under the same test conditions helps identify which material provides lower friction and better wear resistance for the intended application.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Which NANOVEA instruments are used for low-load friction and wear testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Low-load coefficient of friction can be measured using the Nano Module of a NANOVEA Mechanical Tester, while reciprocating wear behavior can be evaluated using a NANOVEA Tribometer. Together, these systems allow controlled evaluation of friction, wear, and material response for biomedical components.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How is reciprocating wear testing used for pacing lead materials?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Reciprocating wear testing repeatedly slides a counter material across the sample surface under controlled load to create and evaluate a wear track. For pacing lead insulation materials, this allows comparison of wear scar width, surface damage, and material durability under simulated sliding contact.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Medical Device Friction and Wear Testing?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/pacing-lead-insulation-wear-testing/">Pacing Lead Insulation Wear Testing in Hanks’ Solution</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 20:27:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26347</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; 3D Optical Profilometry Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis Using 3D Optical Profilometry Measuring Texture, Porosity, and Topography on Bouldering Holds Request Surface Roughness Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Walter Alabiso, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/">Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26347" class="elementor elementor-26347" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | 3D Optical Profilometry</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1400" height="420" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis-using-3d-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26350" alt="Bouldering holds analyzed for climbing hold surface roughness using 3D optical profilometry." />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Walter Alabiso, PhD</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, precise body positioning, and an understanding of how the human body interacts with climbing surfaces. On slab routes, where the wall is angled below vertical and positive holds are limited or absent, a climber&#8217;s stability depends almost entirely on the tribological interaction between the body and the climbing hold surface.</p><p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Climbing hold surface roughness plays a central role in this contact. Roughness provides the microtexture needed for smearing, a technique where high-friction rubber soles are pressed firmly against the surface to expand the effective contact area and generate adherence. A similar mechanism occurs at the fingers, where the ridges of fingerprints and the pliability of skin deform slightly against the hold&#8217;s surface features, creating grip through microscopic interlocking.</p><p class="font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]">Porosity contributes to grip performance by absorbing moisture, sweat, or chalk at the contact interface, preventing the formation of a thin lubricating film that would reduce friction. Micro-cracks and surface flaws act as additional friction points, helping the climber maintain lateral tension against the hold surface. Because these features (roughness, porosity, and surface morphology) operate at different scales and interact differently depending on the hold, quantitative <a class="underline underline underline-offset-2 decoration-1 decoration-current/40 hover:decoration-current focus:decoration-current" href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">3D surface measurement</a> is essential for comparing how different climbing hold textures perform under real contact conditions.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="857" height="268" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/climbing-hold-samples-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26354" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Bouldering grips used to compare surface roughness, pore morphology, and grip-related topography.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why Use Non-Contact Profilometry for Climbing Hold Surface Analysis</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Climbing holds and rock-like surfaces can include deep pores, steep asperities, sharp valleys, and irregular texture. These features are difficult to measure accurately with contact-based profilometry because a physical stylus can lose contact, deform local surface features, or fail to reach narrow cavities.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">NANOVEA’s non-contact optical profilometry uses chromatic light technology to capture surface height data without touching the sample. This makes it suitable for reconstructing complex climbing hold topography, including deep nooks, pores, and surface flaws, while avoiding measurement artifacts caused by local plastic deformation.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">In this study, the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler</a> was used to measure two bouldering grips: a yellow block with a smoother, flatter surface and a green block with a rougher tactile texture. Both samples were scanned using a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with a 3000 µm Z-range and a 4 µm acquisition step in X and Y.</p><p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, allowing the profiler to capture roughness and pore morphology across the scanned areas.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Obiettivo di misurazione</h2>				</div>
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									<p>The objective of this study was to demonstrate how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can be used to reconstruct and compare the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of climbing holds.</p><p>Two bouldering grip samples were analyzed: a yellow hold with a smoother, flatter surface and a blue hold with a rougher tactile texture and sharper grip features. The analysis focused on surface height variation, areal roughness parameters, pore coverage, pore size, pore depth, and functional surface behavior.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="817" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/jr25-optical-profilometer-climbing-hold-surface-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26365" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profilometer measuring the climbing hold samples using an optical sensor.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-560e6e7 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="560e6e7" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p>The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler was used to measure the yellow and blue bouldering grip samples. Each surface was scanned with a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with an enhanced 3000 µm Z-range, allowing the system to capture deep pores, sharp valleys, and irregular surface texture while maintaining a 4 µm acquisition step in X and Y.</p><p>Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, improving data capture across rough, porous, and uneven areas.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d556682 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d556682" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">JR25 Portable</span></p><p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">Profilometro ottico</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-jr25-portable-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25699" alt="NANOVEA JR25 portable optical profilometer for non-contact surface measurement" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Parametri del test</h2>				</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Measurement Setting</th>
<th>Optical Profilometry Setup</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Samples measured</td>
<td>Yellow and blue bouldering grip samples</td>
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<tr>
<td>Optical pen</td>
<td>PS4-MG35</td>
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<tr>
<td>Z-range</td>
<td>3000 µm</td>
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<tr>
<td>Scan area</td>
<td>5.00 mm × 5.00 mm</td>
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<tr>
<td>X-step size</td>
<td>4.00 µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Y-step size</td>
<td>4.00 µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Averaging</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Measurement type</td>
<td>Direct</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acquisition mode</td>
<td>Dual frequency</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acquisition rate</td>
<td>100–400 Hz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Light intensity</td>
<td>100%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;">Optical profilometry test conditions used to measure the bouldering grip samples.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Optical Profilometry Results</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8199c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="8199c49" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Yellow Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the yellow climbing grip sample.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="890" height="736" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-3d-surface-topography-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26375" alt="3D optical profilometry reconstruction of the yellow climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and surface height variation." />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A total least-squares plane was removed to study surface properties. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 µm was applied following ISO 25178 (1/2 cut-off removed at each side). However, the sharp density of pores and asperities and the elevated average roughness make the use of a Gaussian L-filter (8 mm cut off) inapplicable. Therefore, the primary surface was considered, and the roughness parameters are listed in the table below, alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb7f23e elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="eb7f23e" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="724" height="570" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-surface-roughness-map-iso-25178.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26376" alt="False-color optical profilometry surface roughness map of the yellow climbing grip sample with ISO 25178 height parameters." />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper">
<table class="iso-roughness-table">
<tbody><!-- Filter Settings -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">ISO 25178-2 – Primary Surface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm, 1/2 cut-off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>F-operation:</strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)</td>
</tr>
<!-- Height Parameters Header -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td>
</tr>
<!-- Height Parameter Rows -->
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sq</td>
<td>168.970</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza quadratica media</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Ssk</td>
<td>-0.927</td>
<td></td>
<td>Skewness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Cod</td>
<td>4.117</td>
<td></td>
<td>Curtosi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sp</td>
<td>320.530</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza massima del picco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sv</td>
<td>868.116</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Maximum pit depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sz</td>
<td>1188.645</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza massima</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sa</td>
<td>132.953</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza media aritmetica</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
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									<p>The average surface roughness <em>Sa</em> is 132.953 µm, whereas the peak-to-valley roughness, <em>Sz</em> amounts to 1188.645 µm. The surface morphology is skewed towards deep valleys (<em>Ssk</em> &lt; 0, <em>Sv</em> &gt; <em>Sp</em>), with a leptokurtotic (<em>Cod</em> &gt; 3) distribution of peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.</p><p>The following picture shows a 2D photo-simulation of the area under artificial lighting, highlighting the region’s morphology.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="692" height="692" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-2d-photo-simulation-surface-morphology-1.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26378" alt="2D photo simulation of the yellow climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and morphology under artificial lighting." />															</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pore Morphology Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="746" height="538" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-pore-detection-settings.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26379" alt="Pore detection analysis of the yellow climbing grip surface using semi-automated edge detection to identify recessed surface features." />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The detected pore locations were then mapped across the scanned 5 mm × 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="981" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-pore-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26380" alt="Pore distribution map of the yellow climbing grip sample showing detected recessed surface features across a 5 mm by 5 mm scanned area." />															</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c9e0399 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c9e0399" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table pore-info-table"><tbody><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="2">Information</td></tr><tr><td>Method</td><td>Circle detection</td></tr><tr><td>Features detected</td><td>Pores, recessed objects</td></tr><tr><td>Minimum detection diameter</td><td>0.150 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Maximum detection diameter</td><td>2.000 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Number of detected pores</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Surface coverage</td><td>47.395%</td></tr><tr><td>Pore density</td><td>8.203 particles/mm²</td></tr></tbody></table><table class="measurement-table pore-statistics-table" style="width: 114%;"><tbody><tr class="section-header"><td style="width: 131.537%;" colspan="6">Global Statistics</td></tr><tr><th style="width: 58.8822%;">Parameter</th><th style="width: 1.99601%;">Unit</th><th style="width: 20.9581%;">Mean</th><th style="width: 20.9581%;">Std. Dev.</th><th style="width: 16.3673%;">Min</th><th style="width: 12.3752%;">Max</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">Raggio</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">mm</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.127</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.049</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">0.076</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">0.275</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">Void volume</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm³</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">4,724,770.705</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">6,748,143.925</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">23,594.172</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">4.422 × 10⁷</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 58.8822%;">Maximum depth</td><td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">173.729</td><td style="width: 20.9581%;">94.942</td><td style="width: 16.3673%;">28.153</td><td style="width: 12.3752%;">716.480</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-70adb50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="70adb50" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Pores covered nearly half of the yellow grip’s scanned surface, with a measured coverage of 47.395% and a pore density of 8.203 particles/mm². The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.275 mm and void volume above 4.4 × 10⁷ µm³ to smaller pores with a minimum radius of 0.076 mm and void volume of 23,594.172 µm³. This uneven pore distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-822ef9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="822ef9e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-389b11b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="389b11b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the yellow climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9a2ccd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="9a2ccd8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="718" height="631" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-abbott-firestone-curve.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26382" alt="Abbott-Firestone curve for the yellow climbing grip sample showing cumulative areal material distribution and functional surface parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e47c226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e47c226" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table">
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="3">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Standard</td>
<td colspan="2">ISO 25178-2</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Unit</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Sk</td>
<td>409.738</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Spk</td>
<td>45.480</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Svk</td>
<td>233.446</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Smrk1</td>
<td>3.976</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Smrk2</td>
<td>85.005</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5db46d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5db46d7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-77b55b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="77b55b9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="741" height="604" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/yellow-grip-peak-valley-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26383" alt="Peak-valley distribution map of the yellow climbing grip sample showing valleys, mean plane regions, and peaks derived from Abbott-Firestone functional parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-551f337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="551f337" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table functional-distribution-table" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width:42%;">
<col style="width:10%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="5">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1st threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c1: 229.209 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2nd threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c2: -180.424 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameters</td>
<td>Unit</td>
<td style="background-color:#7e01ff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#b3ffb4; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#ff9e02; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>14.995</td>
<td>81.029</td>
<td>3.976</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area</td>
<td>mm²</td>
<td>3.772</td>
<td>20.381</td>
<td>1.000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>97.451</td>
<td>48.100</td>
<td>0.973</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material</td>
<td>µm³</td>
<td>1.684 × 10¹⁰</td>
<td>4.956 × 10⁹</td>
<td>2.275 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fe91421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="fe91421" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The yellow grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with scattered recessed pores and a smaller population of raised peaks. This indicates a surface texture characterized mainly by average-sized pores distributed across the scanned area.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6abce6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6abce6c" data-element_type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-630de9a" data-id="630de9a" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-571dd6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="571dd6b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Blue Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c546dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c546dbd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8b74a93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="8b74a93" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the blue climbing grip sample.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-239beeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="239beeb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="890" height="736" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-3d-surface-topography-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26384" alt="3D optical profilometry reconstruction of the blue climbing grip surface showing roughness, pores, asperities, and surface height variation." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-43cd059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="43cd059" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A total least-squares plane was removed to evaluate the blue grip’s surface properties. An S-Gaussian 2.5 µm roughness filter was applied following ISO 25178, with 1/2 cut-off removed at each side.</p><p data-start="548" data-end="837">Because of the dense pores, asperities, and elevated average roughness, a Gaussian L-filter with an 8 mm cut-off was not applied. The primary surface was used for roughness analysis, with the roughness parameters listed alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-88688d5 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="88688d5" data-element_type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-78cf89b" data-id="78cf89b" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-210e196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="210e196" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="716" height="548" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-surface-roughness-map-iso-25178.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26385" alt="False-color optical profilometry surface roughness map of the blue climbing grip sample with ISO 25178 height parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f1e5606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f1e5606" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper">
<table class="iso-roughness-table">
<tbody><!-- Filter Settings -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">ISO 25178-2 – Primary Surface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm, 1/2 cut-off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>F-operation:</strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)</td>
</tr>

<!-- Height Parameters Header -->
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td>
</tr>

<!-- Height Parameter Rows -->
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sq</td>
<td>211.440</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza quadratica media</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Ssk</td>
<td>-0.682</td>
<td></td>
<td>Skewness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Cod</td>
<td>3.672</td>
<td></td>
<td>Curtosi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sp</td>
<td>522.404</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza massima del picco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sv</td>
<td>720.164</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Maximum pit depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sz</td>
<td>1242.568</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza massima</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="param-code">Sa</td>
<td>166.719</td>
<td>µm</td>
<td>Altezza media aritmetica</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-407a4b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="407a4b6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>The blue grip sample had an average surface roughness, Sa, of 166.719 µm and a peak-to-valley roughness, Sz, of 1242.568 µm. The negative skewness value, Ssk <span class="ͼz">&amp;lt;</span> 0, indicates that the surface morphology is skewed toward deep valleys, while Sv <span class="ͼz">&amp;gt;</span> Sp shows that the maximum pit depth exceeded the maximum peak height.</p><p>The kurtosis value, Sku <span class="ͼz">&amp;gt;</span> 3, indicates a leptokurtotic height distribution, meaning the blue grip surface contains sharper or more extreme peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-38d40ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="38d40ca" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>The 2D photo simulation below highlights the blue climbing grip’s surface morphology under artificial lighting.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f8cdb9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="f8cdb9b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="692" height="692" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-2d-photo-simulation-surface-morphology.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26386" alt="2D photo simulation of the blue climbing grip surface showing pores, roughness, and morphology under artificial lighting." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c7e2f9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c7e2f9e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Pore Morphology Analysis</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-94c30f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="94c30f7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-66fadb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="66fadb4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="746" height="538" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-pore-detection-settings.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26387" alt="Pore detection analysis of the blue climbing grip surface using semi-automated edge detection to identify recessed surface features." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b7176fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b7176fc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The detected pore locations were mapped across the scanned 5 mm × 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-dc2114f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="dc2114f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="970" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-pore-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26388" alt="Pore distribution map of the blue climbing grip sample showing detected recessed surface features across a 5 mm by 5 mm scanned area." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c209fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c209fcb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table pore-info-table">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="2">Information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Method</td>
<td>Circle detection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Features detected</td>
<td>Pores, recessed objects</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minimum detection diameter</td>
<td>0.040 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maximum detection diameter</td>
<td>2.000 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Number of detected pores</td>
<td>794</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface coverage</td>
<td>24.208%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pore density</td>
<td>31.355 particles/mm²</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table class="measurement-table pore-statistics-table" style="width: 114%;">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td style="width: 131.537%;" colspan="6">Global Statistics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="width: 58.8822%;">Parameter</th>
<th style="width: 1.99601%;">Unit</th>
<th style="width: 20.9581%;">Mean</th>
<th style="width: 20.9581%;">Std. Dev.</th>
<th style="width: 16.3673%;">Min</th>
<th style="width: 12.3752%;">Max</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">Raggio</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">mm</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.035</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">0.035</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">0.020</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">0.218</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">Void volume</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm³</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">821,872.849</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">2,495,310.021</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">11,009.819</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">2.929 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 58.8822%;">Maximum depth</td>
<td style="width: 1.99601%;">µm</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">476.053</td>
<td style="width: 20.9581%;">305.830</td>
<td style="width: 16.3673%;">16.132</td>
<td style="width: 12.3752%;">1044.045</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c700b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c700b93" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Pores covered 24.208% of the blue grip’s scanned surface, with a pore density of 31.355 particles/mm². The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.218 mm and void volume greater than 2.9 × 10⁷ µm³ to small pores with a minimum radius of 0.020 mm and void volume of approximately 1.1 × 10⁴ µm³.</p><p>This uneven distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth. The pore distribution is bimodal, with one population of fine, deep pores and another population of larger crater-like valleys.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0883edf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="0883edf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)</h4>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aaf1bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="aaf1bcc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the blue climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c84d965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="c84d965" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="714" height="630" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-abbott-firestone-curve.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26392" alt="Abbott-Firestone curve for the blue climbing grip sample showing cumulative areal material distribution and functional surface parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3dacae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3dacae3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table">
<tbody>
<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="3">Information</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard</td>
<td colspan="2">ISO 25178-2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameter</td>
<td>Value</td>
<td>Unit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sk</td>
<td>522.359</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spk</td>
<td>117.670</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Svk</td>
<td>295.209</td>
<td>µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Smrk1</td>
<td>6.122</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Smrk2</td>
<td>87.456</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1fe251a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1fe251a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-af3217e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="af3217e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="741" height="604" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/blue-grip-peak-valley-distribution-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26399" alt="Peak-valley distribution map of the blue climbing grip sample showing valleys, mean-plane regions, and peaks derived from Abbott-Firestone functional parameters." />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f355923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f355923" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper">
<table class="measurement-table functional-distribution-table" style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width:42%;">
<col style="width:10%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
<col style="width:16%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>

<tr class="section-header">
<td colspan="5">Information</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1st threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c1: 283.646 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2nd threshold</td>
<td colspan="4">Height &#8211; c2: -238.619 µm</td>
</tr>

<tr class="section-header">
<td>Parameters</td>
<td>Unit</td>
<td style="background-color:#7e01ff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#b3ffb4; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
<td style="background-color:#ff9e02; color:#000000; text-align:center;"></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>12.544</td>
<td>81.334</td>
<td>6.122</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Projected area</td>
<td>mm²</td>
<td>3.182</td>
<td>20.629</td>
<td>1.553</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material (in %)</td>
<td>%</td>
<td>96.079</td>
<td>48.546</td>
<td>1.514</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Volume of material</td>
<td>µm³</td>
<td>1.151 × 10¹⁰</td>
<td>6.431 × 10⁹</td>
<td>9.142 × 10⁷</td>
</tr>

</tbody>
</table>
</div>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c2d21ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c2d21ef" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The blue grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with fine, deep pores distributed across the surface and localized peak features. Compared with the yellow grip, the blue grip contains a higher projected peak area and a bimodal pore structure, combining fine recessed pores with larger crater-like valleys.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-683f81e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="683f81e" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of yellow and blue bouldering grip samples.</p><p>Topographic analysis showed that both grip samples had high surface roughness, with Sa values above 100 µm and Sz values above 1000 µm. Both surfaces also showed an asymmetric height distribution skewed toward valleys, indicating that recessed features played a major role in the measured surface morphology.</p><p>The yellow grip sample showed higher pore coverage, with pores covering 47.395% of the scanned surface. Its surface was mainly characterized by average-sized pores distributed across the measured area.</p><p>The blue grip sample showed lower pore coverage at 24.208%, but a much higher pore density of 31.355 particles/mm². Its pore distribution was bimodal, with a population of fine, deep pores and a separate population of larger crater-like valleys.</p><p>These results show how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can quantify climbing hold surface features that are difficult to evaluate from visual inspection alone, including roughness, pore coverage, pore depth, surface height distribution, and functional topography. The blue grip&#8217;s higher porosity and bimodal pore structure make it more likely to absorb moisture and chalk at the contact interface, while its elevated roughness and surface morphology support stable friction for shoe rubber and finger contact. The yellow grip&#8217;s lower roughness and flatter profile suggest it is better suited for use as a foothold in slab climbing, where broad surface contact matters more than deep textural engagement.</p>								</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2dee8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a2dee8e" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Climbing Hold Surface Roughness</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is climbing hold surface roughness?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Climbing hold surface roughness describes the height variation, texture, pores, asperities, and valleys present on the surface of a climbing grip. These features can influence contact behavior between the hold, shoe rubber, skin, chalk, and moisture.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="cbcfaa4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How can climbing hold surface roughness be measured?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Climbing hold surface roughness can be measured using non-contact 3D optical profilometry. This method reconstructs the surface topography and calculates areal roughness parameters such as Sa, Sz, Sp, Sv, Ssk, and Sku without touching or deforming the sample.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cf1f839 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="cf1f839" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why use non-contact optical profilometry for climbing hold analysis?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e60fcb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e60fcb6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Non-contact optical profilometry is useful for climbing hold analysis because climbing grips can contain deep pores, sharp valleys, rough asperities, and irregular surface texture. A contact stylus may lose contact, fail to reach recessed features, or introduce artifacts on complex surfaces.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2ae518f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="2ae518f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does Sa mean in surface roughness analysis?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1d77659 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1d77659" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Sa is the arithmetic mean height of a surface and is commonly used to describe average areal surface roughness. In this app note, both climbing grip samples showed high Sa values above 100 µm, indicating strongly textured surfaces.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d372dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3d372dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does Sz mean in optical profilometry results?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b1dd455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b1dd455" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Sz is the maximum height of the measured surface, calculated from the highest peak to the deepest valley. In climbing hold surface roughness analysis, Sz helps describe the full vertical range of the grip’s surface texture.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5cbc604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5cbc604" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is pore morphology important for climbing grips?</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-82a2d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="82a2d66" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Pore morphology can affect how a climbing grip interacts with chalk, sweat, humidity, skin, and shoe rubber. Measuring pore coverage, density, depth, and volume helps quantify surface features that are difficult to evaluate by visual inspection alone.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
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					</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis/">Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 20:57:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
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		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26271</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Stent Coating Adhesion Testing Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing Quantifying Coating Failure and Adhesion Performance on Drug-Eluting Stents Request Coating Adhesion Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Duanjie Li, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Blood is carried through arteries from [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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									<p>Application Note | Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</p>								</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Andrew Shore</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">Blood is carried through arteries from the heart to the rest of the body. Any weakening or blockage of these vessels can pose significant health risks and may become life-threatening. A stent is a small mesh tube inserted into the lumen of a blood vessel to treat narrowed or weakened arteries. Stent implantation is now a widely used procedure to support the arterial wall and restore blood flowᶦ.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="320" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/medical-stent-mesh-structure-metal-stent-geometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26304" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Metal stent mesh geometry illustrating the structural complexity of vascular implant design.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why coating adhesion matters in drug-eluting stents</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Drug-eluting stents represent a major advancement in stent technology. They incorporate a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer coating that enables controlled drug release at the arterial site, helping to inhibit intimal thickening and reduce the risk of restenosisᶦᶦ.</p><p data-start="1056" data-end="1284">A critical concern in these systems is the delamination of the polymer coating from the metallic stent substrate. This coating carries the drug-eluting layer, and its adhesion directly impacts device performance and reliability.</p><p data-start="1286" data-end="1537">To improve coating adhesion, stents are often designed with complex geometries. In this study, the polymer coating is located at the bottom of grooves within the stent mesh. This configuration presents a significant challenge for adhesion measurement.</p><p data-start="1539" data-end="1795">A reliable method is required to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial strength between the polymer coating and the metal substrate. The small diameter of the stent mesh, comparable to a human hair, combined with its three-dimensional geometry, requires:</p><ul data-start="1796" data-end="1916"><li data-section-id="1n0qc6y" data-start="1796" data-end="1834">ultrafine X-Y positioning accuracy</li><li data-section-id="1003zy" data-start="1835" data-end="1870">precise control of applied load</li><li data-section-id="q3r43w" data-start="1871" data-end="1916">accurate depth measurement during testing</li></ul>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per saperne di più <a href="https://nanovea.com/nanoindentation-and-scratch-testing-lab-services/">nanoindentation and scratch testing lab services for coating adhesion and failure analysis</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6911f48 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6911f48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="267" data-end="454">Nano scratch testing is performed using the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">Tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000</a>, in Nano Scratch Mode, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal mesh of stent samples.</p><p data-start="460" data-end="648">Controlled scratch measurements are carried out on stent geometries with dimensions comparable to a human hair, enabling precise evaluation of coating adhesion on complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d556682 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d556682" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">PB1000 Advanced</span></p><p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">Collaudatore meccanico</p>								</div>
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							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanoindenter-scratch-tester-platform-nanovea-pb1000.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25767" alt="Piattaforma di nanoindentazione e scratch tester NANOVEA PB1000 con moduli di nano e micro indentazione" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Condizioni di prova</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The stent is fixed on the sample stage, with a support wire inserted inside the stent tube to ensure stability during nano scratch testing. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester is used to perform nano scratch measurements using the parameters summarized in Table 1, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table"><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Load type</td><td>Progressivo</td></tr><tr><td>Initial load</td><td>0.05 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Final load</td><td>300 and 100 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding speed</td><td>0.5 mm/min</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding distance</td><td>0.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter geometry</td><td>Conico</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter material (tip)</td><td>Diamante</td></tr><tr><td>Raggio della punta del penetratore</td><td>20 µm</td></tr><tr><td>Temperatura</td><td>24°C (room)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Tabella 1: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on regular stent samples</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1073" data-end="1296">The SEM image in Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of the stent sample. The stent features a groove with a depth of approximately 30 µm. The polymer coating, with a thickness of 10.8 µm, is located at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="1298" data-end="1497">Standard 60° conical diamond tips are not sharp enough to reach the bottom of the groove without contacting the sidewalls. Therefore, a sharper 40° conical diamond tip is used in this study (Fig. 2).</p><p data-start="1499" data-end="1582">Nano scratch measurements are performed using the parameters summarized in Table 2.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
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<td>Load type</td>
<td>Progressivo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial load</td>
<td>0.1 mN</td>
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<tr>
<td>Final load</td>
<td>300 mN</td>
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<td>Tasso di carico</td>
<td>300 mN/min</td>
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<td>Scratch length</td>
<td>0.25 mm</td>
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<td>Scratch speed</td>
<td>0.25 mm/min</td>
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<td>Indenter geometry</td>
<td>40° cone</td>
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<td>Indenter material (tip)</td>
<td>Diamante</td>
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<tr>
<td>Raggio della punta del penetratore</td>
<td>5 µm</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Table 2: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on grooved stent samples</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="932" height="1042" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-cross-section-sem-adhesion-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26288" alt="stent groove cross section polymer coating thickness adhesion analysis nano scratch testing" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 1: </span>SEM cross-section of a grooved stent showing polymer coating located at the bottom of the groove, highlighting the challenge of coating adhesion measurement in recessed geometries.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-diamond-tip-40-degree-stent-groove-testing.svg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26289" alt="nano scratch diamond tip 40 degree stent groove coating adhesion testing schematic" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 2: </span>Schematic of a 40° conical diamond tip designed for nano scratch testing inside stent grooves, enabling accurate adhesion measurement without sidewall interference.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Risultati e discussione</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 100 μm, comparable to a human hair. Precise positioning is therefore critical to ensure the scratch test is performed at the center of the stent mesh. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester provides X–Y positioning accuracy down to 0.25 μm, enabling accurate test placement under the integrated optical microscope.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="641" data-end="857">Nano scratch testing is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch track on the stent is shown in Fig. 3a, while failure behavior at different stages is presented in Fig. 3b and 3c.</p><p data-start="859" data-end="893">Two critical loads are identified:</p><ul data-start="894" data-end="1061"><li data-section-id="14iz9qw" data-start="894" data-end="972">Lc1: the load at which the first visible damage appears on the coating</li><li data-section-id="1mmzt6b" data-start="973" data-end="1061">Lc2: the load at which the coating is fully removed and the substrate is exposed</li></ul><p data-start="1063" data-end="1226">The evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth is shown in Fig. 4, providing insight into the progression of coating failure during the test.</p><p data-start="1228" data-end="1499">The first signs of coating damage appear at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN. As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a wider and deeper scratch track. During this phase, the COF increases from approximately 0.05 to 0.7.</p><p data-start="1501" data-end="1756">At Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN, the coating is fully delaminated from the metal substrate. Beyond this point, as the load continues to increase, both COF and penetration depth remain relatively stable due to the mechanical support of the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23d3399 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="23d3399" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="404" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-nano-scratch-track-full-progressive-load.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26293" alt="nano scratch track stent coating progressive load adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Full Scratch Track</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-initial-failure-lc1-nano-scratch-14-5mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26294" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) <strong data-start="599" data-end="616">Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-delamination-lc2-nano-scratch-78-1mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26295" alt="stent coating delamination lc2 nano scratch 78.1 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) <strong data-start="625" data-end="642">Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 3: </span>Nano scratch track on a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing (a) full scratch path, (b) initial coating failure at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN, and (c) complete coating delamination at Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9cfe8c elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="c9cfe8c" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1751" height="725" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-stent-coating-failure-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26296" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating coefficient of friction depth progression adhesion failure" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 4: </span>Evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth during nano scratch testing of a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing the progression of coating failure and transition to substrate support.</p>								</div>
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									<p data-start="246" data-end="537">Failures during nano scratch testing up to a maximum load of 300 mN occur at critical loads below 100 mN. To enable a more quantitative comparison of coating performance, additional tests are performed with a maximum load of 100 mN on two stent samples, referred to as Sample 1 and Sample 2.</p><p data-start="539" data-end="794">Fig. 5 compares the scratch tracks of Sample 1 and Sample 2 after nano scratch testing. Sample 1 exhibits the first sign of coating damage at a critical load of Lc1 ≈ 13.2 mN, while Sample 2 shows initial failure at a higher load of Lc1 ≈ 21.1 mN.</p><p data-start="796" data-end="1002">Coating delamination occurs at 62.5 mN for Sample 1. In contrast, the coating on Sample 2 remains intact throughout the test, continuing to protect the metal substrate under the same loading conditions.</p><p data-start="1004" data-end="1350">This behavior is further reflected in the evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth, as shown in Fig. 6. When the diamond tip penetrates through the coating and contacts the metal substrate in Sample 1, the COF reaches a peak while the penetration depth decreases due to the increased stiffness of the underlying substrate.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample1-early-failure-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26297" alt="stent coating sample 1 early failure nano scratch track delamination adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 1 – Early Coating Failure</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample2-high-adhesion-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26298" alt="stent coating sample 2 high adhesion nano scratch track minimal damage testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) Sample 2 – Improved Coating Integrity</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 5: </span>Comparison of nano scratch tracks for two stent coatings, showing (a) early coating failure and delamination in Sample 1, and (b) improved coating integrity in Sample 2 under the same loading conditions.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="913" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-comparison-stent-coating-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26299" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating COF depth comparison sample 1 sample 2 adhesion performance" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 6: </span>Comparison of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth for Sample 1 and Sample 2 during nano scratch testing, showing earlier substrate contact and higher friction response in Sample 1, indicating weaker coating adhesion.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f64c74c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f64c74c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="279" data-end="601">As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 7, the grooved stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 90 μm, comparable to a human hair. The groove has a width of ~50 μm and a depth of 30 μm. This geometry presents a significant challenge for nano scratch testing, particularly for evaluating coating adhesion at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="603" data-end="847">Precise positioning is critical to locate the scratch test within the groove. The nano scratch test is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch tracks of grooved stent Samples 3 and 4 are compared in Fig. 7.</p><p data-start="849" data-end="1108">The critical load Lc is defined as the load at which the coating fails and the substrate becomes exposed. The evolution of normal load and penetration depth, shown in Fig. 8, provides further insight into the progression of coating failure during testing.</p><p data-start="1110" data-end="1331">As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a deeper scratch track. When the critical load Lc is reached, the coating delaminates from the metal substrate.</p><p data-start="1333" data-end="1516">Sample 3 exhibits coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN, while Sample 4 fails at a higher load of Lc ≈ 173 mN. This difference indicates stronger adhesion of the coating in Sample 4.</p><p data-start="1518" data-end="1773">The measured critical loads enable quantitative comparison of coating adhesion performance. Under the same testing conditions, the coating on Sample 4 demonstrates higher resistance to delamination, making it the better-performing candidate in this study.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-failure-sample3-nano-scratch-126mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26300" alt="stent groove coating failure sample 3 nano scratch 126 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) Sample 3 – Coating Failure in Groove (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-high-adhesion-sample4-nano-scratch-173mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26301" alt="stent groove coating adhesion sample 4 nano scratch 173 mN minimal failure testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(d) Sample 4 – Higher Adhesion in Groove (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 7: </span>Nano scratch tracks inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing (c) coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN in Sample 3 and (d) higher adhesion with delayed failure at Lc ≈ 173 mN in Sample 4.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample3-grooved-stent-failure.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26302" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 3 – Earlier Coating Failure (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample4-grooved-stent-high-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26303" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="319" data-end="387">(b) Sample 4 – Delayed Failure and Higher Adhesion (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 8: </span>Evolution of normal load and penetration depth during nano scratch testing inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing earlier coating failure in Sample 3 and delayed failure at higher load in Sample 4. The vertical green line indicates the critical load (Lc) where coating delamination occurs.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-683f81e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="683f81e" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="245" data-end="468">This study demonstrates the ability of the NANOVEA Mechanical Tester to quantitatively evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of polymer coatings on both regular and grooved stent geometries using nano scratch testing.</p><p data-start="470" data-end="825">The recessed geometry of the stent grooves, approximately 50 μm wide and 30 μm deep, presents a significant challenge for coating adhesion measurement. The high X–Y positioning accuracy of 0.25 μm enables precise placement of the scratch test within these confined regions, allowing direct evaluation of coating performance where failure is most critical.</p><p data-start="827" data-end="1124">By applying a controlled, progressively increasing load, critical loads associated with coating failure can be identified and compared across samples. This approach enables reliable differentiation of coating adhesion performance and interfacial integrity, even on small, complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Riferimenti</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[I] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents</em><br /><em>[II] http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-99402006000300008 </em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is stent coating adhesion testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Stent coating adhesion testing evaluates how strongly a polymer coating is bonded to the metal substrate of a stent. Techniques such as nano scratch testing quantify the load at which coating damage and delamination occur, providing measurable indicators of adhesion strength.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is critical load (Lc) in nano scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Critical load (Lc) is the applied load at which a coating fails during a scratch test.</p><ul data-start="747" data-end="890"><li data-section-id="bhdxv4" data-start="747" data-end="813">Lc1 corresponds to the first visible damage in the coating</li><li data-section-id="4photk" data-start="814" data-end="890">Lc2 indicates complete coating removal and exposure of the substrate</li></ul><p data-start="892" data-end="967">These values are used to quantify and compare coating adhesion performance.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is coating adhesion important in drug-eluting stents?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Coating adhesion directly affects the reliability of drug-eluting stents. Poor adhesion can lead to coating delamination, which may compromise controlled drug release and increase the risk of device failure.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How do you measure coating adhesion inside stent grooves?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Measuring adhesion inside stent grooves requires high positioning accuracy and appropriate indenter geometry. Nano scratch testing with sharp diamond tips allows access to recessed coating regions, enabling direct evaluation of adhesion within complex stent geometries.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does coefficient of friction (COF) indicate in scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">The coefficient of friction (COF) reflects changes in surface interaction during the scratch test. A sudden increase in COF often indicates coating failure and contact between the indenter and the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How can nano scratch testing compare different coating formulations?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Nano scratch testing enables direct comparison of coatings by measuring critical loads under controlled conditions. Higher critical loads indicate stronger adhesion and improved resistance to delamination, allowing selection of better-performing coating systems.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Mar 2026 21:02:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26196</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Dental Surface Characterization Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry Request Surface Analysis Ask an Expert Live Prepared by Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA Introduction The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26196" class="elementor elementor-26196" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | Dental Surface Characterization</p>								</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26092" alt="Dental surface roughness measurement and 3D molar reconstruction using optical profilometry" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA</p>				</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at the nanometer scale, enables advanced research and applications in orthodontics and dental materials science. Non-contact optical profilometry provides a precise method for measuring dental surface roughness and analyzing tooth surface morphology without damaging delicate structures. These measurements support the development of composite dental materials that replicate the natural surface roughness of enamel, as well as the design and fabrication of patient-specific dental casts and restorative components.</p><p data-start="1460" data-end="1982">Low surface roughness plays a primary role in limiting bacterial adhesion and plaque formation, thereby reducing the risk of cavities. An increase in average roughness (Ra) above 2 µm leads to a steep increase in biofilm formation in vivo.¹ An Ra of 0.2 µm is considered the threshold value below which no further reduction in bacterial adhesion can be expected.²</p><p data-start="1984" data-end="2182">Reconstruction of the tooth’s 3D surface topography enables the fabrication of dental casts, which are essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and the fabrication of dental appliances.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Non-Contact Optical Profilometry for Dental Surface Analysis</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="232" data-end="713">The present study illustrates the potential of NANOVEA’s high-precision non-contact optical profilometers for dental surface roughness measurement and 3D tooth topography analysis. Chromatic Light technology offers significant advantages over classical touch probe techniques. It acquires data points from deep crevices and complex geometries without introducing measurement errors or artifacts caused by local plastic deformation and without requiring extensive data manipulation.</p><p data-start="715" data-end="1135">Compared to focus variation systems, single-point optical sensing provides superior lateral and height accuracy, with X/Y resolution below 0.5 µm, maximum vertical resolution of 1.9 nm, and the ability to measure surface angles up to 87°. The technique is effective on transparent, opaque, specular, diffusive, polished, and rough dental surfaces, making it well suited for comprehensive dental surface characterization.</p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per saperne di più <a href="https://nanovea.com/surface-profiling-lab-services/">non-contact optical profilometry and surface roughness measurement services</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6911f48 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6911f48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="313" data-end="697">In questa applicazione, il <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler</a> was used to analyze the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar previously affected by tooth decay. The side of the tooth was scanned using a PS2–MG140 single-point optical sensor to measure surface roughness parameters over a defined region of interest and along multiple line profiles.</p><p data-start="699" data-end="888">The crown of the tooth was then scanned and reconstructed using a PS5–MG35 single-point optical sensor, which is suited for larger-area acquisition and full 3D tooth topography measurement.</p>								</div>
				</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;"><br />NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">JR25 Portable</span><br />Profilometro ottico</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-jr25-portable-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25699" alt="NANOVEA JR25 portable optical profilometer for non-contact surface measurement" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Measurement Using NANOVEA Optical Profilometer</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="914" data-end="1026">Surface roughness measurements were performed on the lateral side of the molar crown, followed by full 3D reconstruction of the crown surface. Separate single-point optical sensors were used to optimize measurement accuracy for both localized roughness analysis and large-area surface topography acquisition.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce29651 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="ce29651" data-element_type="section">
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									<p>PS2 – MG140</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/optical-profilometer-dental-surface-roughness-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26123" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Surface roughness analysis by area and parallel line profiles on the side of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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									<p>PS5 – MG35</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/3d-tooth-topography-measurement-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26122" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Full 3D surface reconstruction of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Parametri di misura</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The following measurement parameters were used for localized surface roughness analysis and full 3D surface reconstruction of the molar crown using NANOVEA single-point optical sensors.</p>								</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table"><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Roughness Analysis (Area)</th><th>Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</th><th>Full 3D Reconstruction</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Optical Pen</td><td>PS2-MG140</td><td>PS2-MG140</td><td>PS5-MG35</td></tr><tr><td>Z-Range [µm]</td><td>300</td><td>300</td><td>10000</td></tr><tr><td>X-Distance [mm]</td><td>2.00</td><td>3.00</td><td>7.50</td></tr><tr><td>X-Step Size [µm]</td><td>1.70</td><td>1.70</td><td>10.00</td></tr><tr><td>Y-Distance [mm]</td><td>2.00</td><td>1.00</td><td>7.00</td></tr><tr><td>Y-Step Size [µm]</td><td>1.70</td><td>100.00</td><td>10.00</td></tr><tr><td>Averaging (Avg)</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Measurement Type</td><td>Direct</td><td>Direct</td><td>Direct</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition Mode</td><td>Single Frequency</td><td>Single Frequency</td><td>Dual Frequency</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition Rate [Hz]</td><td>200</td><td>200</td><td>100–400</td></tr><tr><td>Light Intensity [%]</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>100</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Optical Profilometry Results</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Yellow Grip Sample</h3>				</div>
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					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis</h4>				</div>
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									<p>The image below shows a full 3D rendering of the yellow block’s surface.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1162" height="906" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-scanned-region-2d-height-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26127" alt="False-color 2D height map of scanned tooth surface region" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A least-squares degree-8 polynomial form removal was applied to isolate the surface roughness component. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 µm and L-Gaussian 0.8 mm were then applied according to ISO 25178. The resulting filtered surface and corresponding roughness parameters are presented below.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e80acb9 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="e80acb9" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="950" height="748" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-iso-25178-filtered-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26133" alt="" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper"><table class="iso-roughness-table"><tbody><!-- Filter Settings --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">ISO 25178 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>F:</strong> [Workflow] Form removed (LS-poly 8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><!-- Height Parameters Header --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td></tr><!-- Height Parameter Rows --><tr><td class="param-code">Sq</td><td>2.433</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza quadratica media</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Ssk</td><td>-0.102</td><td> </td><td>Skewness</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Cod</td><td>3.715</td><td> </td><td>Curtosi</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sp</td><td>18.861</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza massima del picco</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sv</td><td>16.553</td><td>µm</td><td>Maximum pit depth</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sz</td><td>35.414</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza massima</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sa</td><td>1.888</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza media aritmetica</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="117" data-end="216">The average surface roughness Sa is 1.888 µm, while the peak-to-valley height Sz reaches 35.414 µm.</p><p data-start="218" data-end="295">A 3D surface rendering of the filtered area is shown below for visualization.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="892" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-3d-render-iso-filtered.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26129" alt="3D rendering of ISO 25178 filtered tooth surface roughness" />															</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Surface roughness profiles were measured using a series of 11 parallel line scans along the X direction on the side of the tooth. The false-color 2D surface map of the raw scan is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-raw-scan-2d-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26143" alt="False-color 2D raw scan of tooth surface for line roughness profiles" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The surface form was removed using a least-squares 8-degree polynomial prior to applying the metrological filters, leaving the residual surface shown below.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-12d13ab elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="12d13ab" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-residual-after-form-removal.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26144" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A statistical analysis of the measured surface roughness profiles reveals the following line roughness parameters.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1670" height="606" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-profile-overlay-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26148" alt="Overlay of multiple tooth surface roughness profiles for statistical analysis" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">5.683</td><td class="center">0.761</td><td class="center">4.315</td><td class="center">6.610</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">6.242</td><td class="center">1.009</td><td class="center">4.701</td><td class="center">8.438</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">11.925</td><td class="center">1.676</td><td class="center">9.123</td><td class="center">15.048</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.063</td><td class="center">0.297</td><td class="center">1.710</td><td class="center">2.629</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.523</td><td class="center">0.361</td><td class="center">2.057</td><td class="center">3.175</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="184" data-end="276">The value of Ra is consistent with the Sa value extracted from the surface area measurement.</p><p data-start="278" data-end="659">Different metrological filters can be applied to distinguish between macroscopic waviness and microscopic surface roughness. For example, a coarser filter cut-off, such as the 8 mm cut-off used with the Robust Gaussian order-2 filter, produces a smoother waviness profile (red) that is less sensitive to sharp local variations and follows the original surface profile more loosely.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1855" height="800" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-waviness-vs-roughness-filter-comparison.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26158" alt="Comparison of waviness and roughness profiles on tooth surface using coarse filter" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Alternatively, a finer cut-off (e.g., 0.08 mm) enables the analysis of micro-roughness by removing the waviness component that follows the original profile at a larger scale, leaving the finer surface roughness features of the tooth visible.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1853" height="790" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-profile-filtering.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26159" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The microroughness analysis obtained using a 0.08 mm L-Gaussian filter is presented below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="431" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-final-profile.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26160" alt="Final microroughness profile of tooth surface after filtering" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.08 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (37)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.582</td><td class="center">0.122</td><td class="center">1.342</td><td class="center">1.748</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.466</td><td class="center">0.119</td><td class="center">1.254</td><td class="center">1.661</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">3.049</td><td class="center">0.196</td><td class="center">2.820</td><td class="center">3.409</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.495</td><td class="center">0.047</td><td class="center">0.423</td><td class="center">0.597</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.643</td><td class="center">0.056</td><td class="center">0.562</td><td class="center">0.762</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Full 3D Tooth Surface Topography Reconstruction</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The extended Z-scan range of the PS5 optical sensor enables high-fidelity scanning of the entire tooth crown surface. The resulting 3D surface topography is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="469" height="348" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-crown-surface-topography-3d-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26172" alt="False-color surface topography map of full tooth crown measured with optical profilometer" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">2D VIEW: </span>2D surface map of the tooth crown measured with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="930" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/molar-crown-3d-surface-reconstruction-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26173" alt="3D surface reconstruction of molar crown from optical profilometer scan" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">3D VIEW: </span>High-fidelity 3D rendering of the molar crown surface obtained with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="401" data-end="560">In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar.</p><p data-start="562" data-end="922">Both the area scan and the line profile analysis revealed a roughness Rq of approximately 2.5 µm and an Ra of about 1.9–2.0 µm. These values are consistent with results reported in the literature.³ The use of a narrower L-Gaussian filter with an 80 µm cut-off enabled further investigation of micro-roughness, revealing an Rq of 0.643 µm and an Ra of 0.495 µm.</p><p data-start="924" data-end="1270">The full 3D surface topography of the molar crown was reconstructed with high fidelity. The high measurement resolution allows detection of fine surface features and crevices. The resulting surface data can be easily processed and exported as STL files, enabling the design and fabrication of customized dental devices and restorative components.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Riferimenti</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[1] Shin, B.W., et al. Surface Roughness of Prefabricated Pediatric Zirconia Crowns Following Simulated Toothbrushing. Pediatric Dentistry 44.5 (2022): 363–367.</em><br /><em>[2] Bollen, C.M.L., Paul Lambrechts, and Marc Quirynen. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dental Materials 13.4 (1997): 258–269.</em><br /><em>[3] Suputtamongkol, K., et al. Surface roughness resulting from wear of lithia-disilicate-based posterior crowns. Wear 269.3–4 (2010): 317–322.</em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Dental Surface Roughness Measurement</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is dental surface roughness measurement?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Dental surface roughness measurement quantifies the microscopic texture of tooth surfaces using parameters such as Ra, Rq, and Sa. Optical profilometers measure these features without contacting the surface, allowing accurate analysis of enamel, restorative materials, and dental crowns.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why use optical profilometry to measure tooth roughness?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Optical profilometry provides non-contact surface measurement with nanometer-scale vertical resolution. It captures 2D surface maps and full 3D surface topography of dental structures without damaging soft or polished surfaces.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What roughness parameters are used for dental surface analysis?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Common roughness parameters include Ra (arithmetic mean roughness), Rq (root mean square roughness), Sa (areal roughness), and Sz (maximum surface height). These parameters help evaluate enamel wear, plaque adhesion risk, and the performance of restorative materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is surface roughness important in dentistry?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Surface roughness affects plaque retention, wear resistance, and the long-term performance of dental restorations. Controlling micro-roughness can reduce bacterial adhesion and improve the durability of dental materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Surface Roughness Measurement for Dental Materials?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Analisi della superficie pallinata</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-pallinata/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=shot-peened-surface-analysis</link>
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		<pubDate>Mercoledì 16 agosto 2023 14:19:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>SHOT PEENED SURFACE ANALYSIS USING 3D NON-CONTACT PROFILOMETER Prepared by CRAIG LEISING INTRODUCTION Shot peening is a process in which a substrate is bombarded with spherical metal, glass, or ceramic beads—commonly referred to as &#8220;shot&#8221;—at a force intended to induce plasticity on the surface. Analyzing the characteristics before and after peening provides crucial insights for [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-pallinata/">Shot Peened Surface Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ANALISI DELLA SUPERFICIE PALLINATA</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">UTILIZZO DEL PROFILOMETRO 3D SENZA CONTATTO</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="225" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peening-Surface-Measurement.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23115" alt="" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CRAIG LEISING</p>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4074c1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a4074c1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La pallinatura è un processo in cui un substrato viene bombardato con sfere sferiche di metallo, vetro o ceramica, comunemente denominate &quot;sparate&quot;, con una forza destinata a indurre plasticità sulla superficie. L&#039;analisi delle caratteristiche prima e dopo la martellatura fornisce spunti cruciali per migliorare la comprensione e il controllo del processo. La rugosità superficiale e l&#039;area di copertura delle fossette lasciate dallo sparo sono aspetti di interesse particolarmente degni di nota.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Importanza del profilometro 3D senza contatto per l&#039;analisi della superficie pallinata</h3>				</div>
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									<p>A differenza dei profilometri a contatto tradizionali, tradizionalmente utilizzati per l&#039;analisi delle superfici pallinate, la misurazione 3D senza contatto fornisce un&#039;immagine 3D completa per offrire una comprensione più completa dell&#039;area di copertura e della topografia della superficie. Senza funzionalità 3D, un&#039;ispezione si baserà esclusivamente su informazioni 2D, che non sono sufficienti per caratterizzare una superficie. Comprendere la topografia, l&#039;area di copertura e la rugosità in 3D è l&#039;approccio migliore per controllare o migliorare il processo di pallinatura. di NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilometri 3D senza contatto</a> utilizzano la tecnologia della luce cromatica con una capacità unica di misurare gli angoli ripidi riscontrati su superfici lavorate e pallinate. Inoltre, quando altre tecniche non riescono a fornire dati affidabili a causa del contatto della sonda, della variazione della superficie, dell&#039;angolo o della riflettività, i profilometri NANOVEA riescono.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, il profilometro senza contatto NANOVEA ST400 viene utilizzato per misurare la materia prima e due superfici martellate in modo diverso per una revisione comparativa. C&#039;è un elenco infinito di parametri di superficie che possono essere calcolati automaticamente dopo la scansione della superficie 3D. Qui esamineremo la superficie 3D e selezioneremo le aree di interesse per ulteriori analisi, inclusa la quantificazione e l&#039;analisi della rugosità, delle fossette e dell&#039;area della superficie.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">ST400 Standard</span><br />Profiler ottico 3D</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IL CAMPIONE</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="601" height="354" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peened-Surfaces-ISO-25178.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23113" alt="Prova su superfici sottoposte a pallinatura" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUPERFICIE IN ACCIAIO</h3>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="459" height="381" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Steel-Surface-ISO-25178-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23116" alt="Rugosità superficiale ottenuta mediante pallinatura" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="454" height="385" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Steel-Surface-ISO25178-Roughness-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23117" alt="Caratterizzazione delle superfici sottoposte a pallinatura" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">ISO 25178</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> PARAMETRI DI RUGOSITÀ 3D</span></p>								</div>
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<td>S.A</td>
<td>0,399 micron</td>
<td>Rugosità media</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sq</td>
<td>0,516 micron</td>
<td>Rugosità RMS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sz</td>
<td>5,686 micron</td>
<td>Massimo picco-valle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sp</td>
<td>2,976 micron</td>
<td>Altezza massima del picco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sv</td>
<td>2,711 micron</td>
<td>Profondità massima della fossa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cod</td>
<td>3.9344</td>
<td>Curtosi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ssk</td>
<td>-0.0113</td>
<td>Skewness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sal</td>
<td>0,0028 mm</td>
<td>Lunghezza di correlazione automatica</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>str</td>
<td>0.0613</td>
<td>Proporzioni della trama</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sdar</td>
<td>26,539 mm²</td>
<td>Superficie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Svk</td>
<td>0,589 micron</td>
<td>Profondità della valle ridotta</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
&nbsp;								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUPERFICIE MARRELLATA 1</h3>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="440" height="377" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Peened-Surface-ISO-25178-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23118" alt="Profilo della superficie sottoposta a pallinatura" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="386" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peened-Surface-ISO25178-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23108" alt="Profilometria della superficie pallinata" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">COPERTURA DELLA SUPERFICIE </span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;">98.105%</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="445" height="370" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peening-ISO25178-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23114" alt="Studio sulle superfici sottoposte a pallinatura" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">ISO 25178</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> PARAMETRI DI RUGOSITÀ 3D</span></p>								</div>
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<table>
    <tr>
        <td>Sa</td>
        <td>4,102 micron</td>
        <td>Rugosità media</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sq</td>
        <td>5,153 micron</td>
        <td>Rugosità RMS</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sz</td>
        <td>44,975 micron</td>
        <td>Massimo picco-valle</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sp</td>
        <td>24,332 micron</td>
        <td>Altezza massima del picco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sv</td>
        <td>20,644 micron</td>
        <td>Profondità massima della fossa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Cod</td>
        <td>3.0187</td>
        <td>Curtosi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Ssk</td>
        <td>0.0625</td>
        <td>Skewness</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sal</td>
        <td>0,0976 mm</td>
        <td>Lunghezza di correlazione automatica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>str</td>
        <td>0.9278</td>
        <td>Proporzioni della trama</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sdar</td>
        <td>29.451mm²</td>
        <td>Superficie</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Svk</td>
        <td>5,008 micron</td>
        <td>Profondità della valle ridotta</td>
    </tr>
</table>

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		</section>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUPERFICIE MARRELLATA 2</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b93c817 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b93c817" data-element_type="section">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="434" height="378" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peened-ISO-25178-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23120" alt="Prova sulla superficie sottoposta a pallinatura" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="423" height="385" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peened-Surface-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23112" alt="Analisi della superficie pallinata" />															</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9905c5a elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="9905c5a" data-element_type="section">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">COPERTURA DELLA SUPERFICIE</span>
<span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> 97.366%</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="422" height="373" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shot-Peened-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23121" alt="Metrologia delle superfici sottoposte a pallinatura" />															</div>
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">ISO 25178</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> PARAMETRI DI RUGOSITÀ 3D</span></p>								</div>
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        table {
            border-collapse: collapse;
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        td {
            border: 1px solid black;
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<table>
    <tr>
        <td>Sa</td>
        <td>4.330 micron</td>
        <td>Rugosità media</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sq</td>
        <td>5,455 micron</td>
        <td>Rugosità RMS</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sz</td>
        <td>54,013 micron</td>
        <td>Massimo picco-valle</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sp</td>
        <td>25,908 micron</td>
        <td>Altezza massima del picco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sv</td>
        <td>28,105 micron</td>
        <td>Profondità massima della fossa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Cod</td>
        <td>3.0642</td>
        <td>Curtosi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Ssk</td>
        <td>0.1108</td>
        <td>Skewness</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sal</td>
        <td>0,1034 mm</td>
        <td>Lunghezza di correlazione automatica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>str</td>
        <td>0.9733</td>
        <td>Proporzioni della trama</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Sdar</td>
        <td>29,623 mm²</td>
        <td>Superficie</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Svk</td>
        <td>5,167 micron</td>
        <td>Profondità della valle ridotta</td>
    </tr>
</table>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<div class="group w-full text-token-text-primary border-b border-black/10 dark:border-gray-900/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]"><div class="flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto"><div class="relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]"><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>In questa applicazione di analisi della superficie pallinata, abbiamo dimostrato come il profilatore 3D senza contatto NANOVEA ST400 caratterizzi con precisione sia la topografia che i dettagli nanometrici di una superficie pallinata. È evidente che sia Surface 1 che Surface 2 hanno un impatto significativo su tutti i parametri qui riportati rispetto alla materia prima. Un semplice esame visivo delle immagini rivela le differenze tra le superfici. Ciò è ulteriormente confermato dall&#039;osservazione dell&#039;area di copertura e dei parametri elencati. Rispetto alla superficie 2, la superficie 1 presenta una rugosità media inferiore (Sa), ammaccature meno profonde (Sv) e un&#039;area superficiale ridotta (Sdar), ma un&#039;area di copertura leggermente superiore.</p><p>Da queste misurazioni della superficie 3D, le aree di interesse possono essere facilmente identificate e sottoposte a una gamma completa di misurazioni, tra cui rugosità, finitura, consistenza, forma, topografia, planarità, deformazione, planarità, volume, altezza del gradino e altre. È possibile scegliere rapidamente una sezione trasversale 2D per un&#039;analisi dettagliata. Queste informazioni consentono un&#039;analisi completa delle superfici martellate, utilizzando una gamma completa di risorse per la misurazione della superficie. Aree di interesse specifiche potrebbero essere ulteriormente esaminate con un modulo AFM integrato. I profilometri 3D NANOVEA offrono velocità fino a 200 mm/s. Possono essere personalizzati in termini di dimensioni, velocità, capacità di scansione e possono persino essere conformi agli standard delle camere bianche di classe 1. Sono inoltre disponibili opzioni come Indexing Conveyor e integrazione per l&#039;utilizzo in linea o online.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Un ringraziamento speciale al sig. Hayden dell'IMF per aver fornito il campione mostrato in questa nota. Industrial Metal Finishing Inc. |  indmetfin.com</span></p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-pallinata/">Shot Peened Surface Analysis</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Morfologia della superficie della vernice</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/morfologia-superficie-pittorica/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=paint-surface-morphology</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/morfologia-superficie-pittorica/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[nanovea]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>venerdì 4 agosto 2023 16:44:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=23049</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>PAINT SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AUTOMATED REAL-TIME EVOLUTION MONITORINGUSING NANOVEA 3D PROFILOMETER Prepared by DUANJIE LI, PhD INTRODUCTION Protective and decorative properties of paint play a significant role in a variety of industries, including automotive, marine, military, and construction. To achieve desired properties, such as corrosion resistance, UV protection, and abrasion resistance, paint formulas and architectures are [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/morfologia-superficie-pittorica/">Paint Surface Morphology</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="23049" class="elementor elementor-23049" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MORFOLOGIA DELLA SUPERFICIE DELLA PITTURA</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MONITORAGGIO AUTOMATIZZATO DELL&#039;EVOLUZIONE IN TEMPO REALE<br>UTILIZZO DEL PROFILOMETRO NANOVEA 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="225" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Drying-Paint-Analysis-Study.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23058" alt="Morfologia della superficie della vernice" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">DUANJIE LI, PhD</p>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Le proprietà protettive e decorative della vernice svolgono un ruolo significativo in una varietà di settori, tra cui quello automobilistico, marittimo, militare e delle costruzioni. Per ottenere le proprietà desiderate, come la resistenza alla corrosione, la protezione dai raggi UV e la resistenza all&#039;abrasione, le formule e le architetture delle vernici vengono attentamente analizzate, modificate e ottimizzate.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DEL PROFILOMETRO 3D SENZA CONTATTO PER L&#039;ANALISI DELLA MORFOLOGIA DELLA SUPERFICIE DELLA VERNICE A SECCO</h3>				</div>
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									<p>La vernice viene solitamente applicata in forma liquida e subisce un processo di essiccazione, che prevede l&#039;evaporazione dei solventi e la trasformazione della vernice liquida in una pellicola solida. Durante il processo di essiccazione, la superficie verniciata cambia progressivamente forma e consistenza. È possibile sviluppare diverse finiture superficiali e trame utilizzando additivi per modificare la tensione superficiale e le proprietà di flusso della vernice. Tuttavia, in caso di una ricetta di vernice mal formulata o di un trattamento superficiale improprio, possono verificarsi cedimenti indesiderati della superficie della vernice.</p>
<p>Un accurato monitoraggio in situ della morfologia della superficie della vernice durante il periodo di essiccazione può fornire una visione diretta del meccanismo di essiccazione. Inoltre, l’evoluzione in tempo reale delle morfologie superficiali è un’informazione molto utile in varie applicazioni, come la stampa 3D. La NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilometri 3D senza contatto</a> misurare la morfologia superficiale della vernice dei materiali senza toccare il campione, evitando qualsiasi alterazione della forma che potrebbe essere causata da tecnologie di contatto come uno stilo scorrevole.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, il profilometro senza contatto NANOVEA ST500, dotato di un sensore ottico a linea ad alta velocità, viene utilizzato per monitorare la morfologia della superficie della vernice durante il suo periodo di asciugatura di 1 ora. Mostriamo la capacità del profilometro senza contatto NANOVEA di fornire la misurazione automatica in tempo reale del profilo 3D dei materiali con un continuo cambiamento di forma.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b739be4 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b739be4" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">
  NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">ST500 Area ampia</span><br>
  Profiler ottico 3D
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st500">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="512" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Optical-Profilometry-ST500.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9557" alt="Profilmometro 3D NANOVEA ST500" />								</a>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c8c9bdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="c8c9bdf" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La vernice è stata applicata sulla superficie di una lamiera, seguita immediatamente da misurazioni automatizzate dell&#039;evoluzione morfologica della vernice in essiccazione in situ utilizzando il profilometro senza contatto NANOVEA ST500 dotato di un sensore di linea ad alta velocità. Una macro era stata programmata per misurare e registrare automaticamente la morfologia della superficie 3D a intervalli di tempo specifici: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 min. Questa procedura di scansione automatizzata consente agli utenti di eseguire le attività di scansione automaticamente eseguendo le procedure impostate in sequenza, riducendo notevolmente lo sforzo, il tempo e i possibili errori dell&#039;utente rispetto ai test manuali o alle scansioni ripetute. Questa automazione si rivela estremamente utile per misurazioni a lungo termine che comportano più scansioni a diversi intervalli di tempo.</p><p>Il sensore di linea ottica genera una linea luminosa composta da 192 punti, come mostrato nella FIGURA 1. Questi 192 punti luminosi scansionano simultaneamente la superficie del campione, aumentando significativamente la velocità di scansione. Ciò garantisce che ogni scansione 3D venga completata rapidamente per evitare cambiamenti sostanziali della superficie durante ogni singola scansione.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-073b725 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="073b725" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="664" height="426" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paint-Coating-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-23062" alt="Analisi del rivestimento di vernice mediante profilometro 3D" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Sensore a linea ottica che scansiona la superficie della vernice in essiccazione.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p>La vista in falsi colori, la vista 3D e il profilo 2D della topografia della vernice essiccata in momenti rappresentativi sono mostrati rispettivamente nella FIGURA 2, FIGURA 3 e FIGURA 4. Il falso colore nelle immagini facilita il rilevamento di caratteristiche che non sono facilmente distinguibili. I diversi colori rappresentano le variazioni di altezza nelle diverse aree della superficie del campione. La vista 3D fornisce uno strumento ideale per gli utenti per osservare la superficie della vernice da diverse angolazioni. Durante i primi 30 minuti del test, i falsi colori sulla superficie della vernice cambiano gradualmente da toni più caldi a toni più freddi, indicando una progressiva diminuzione dell&#039;altezza nel tempo in questo periodo. Questo processo rallenta, come dimostra il lieve cambiamento di colore confrontando la vernice a 30 e 60 minuti.</p><p>L&#039;altezza media del campione e i valori di rugosità Sa in funzione del tempo di asciugatura della vernice sono riportati nella FIGURA 5. L&#039;analisi completa della rugosità della vernice dopo 0, 30 e 60 minuti di asciugatura è elencata nella TABELLA 1. Si può osservare che l&#039;altezza media della superficie pittorica diminuisce rapidamente da 471 a 329 µm nei primi 30 minuti di asciugatura. La trama superficiale si sviluppa contemporaneamente alla vaporizzazione del solvente, portando ad un aumento del valore di rugosità Sa da 7,19 a 22,6 µm. Successivamente il processo di essiccazione della vernice rallenta, determinando una graduale diminuzione dell&#039;altezza del campione e del valore Sa a 317 µm e 19,6 µm, rispettivamente, a 60 min.</p><p>Questo studio evidenzia le capacità del profilometro senza contatto 3D NANOVEA nel monitorare i cambiamenti della superficie 3D della vernice in essiccazione in tempo reale, fornendo preziose informazioni sul processo di essiccazione della vernice. Misurando la morfologia della superficie senza toccare il campione, il profilometro evita di introdurre alterazioni di forma alla vernice non essiccata, che possono verificarsi con tecnologie di contatto come lo stilo scorrevole. Questo approccio senza contatto garantisce un&#039;analisi accurata e affidabile della morfologia della superficie della vernice in essiccazione.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="325" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paint-Coating-Morphology.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23064" alt="Morfologia della superficie della vernice" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="325" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Drying-Paint-Surface-Morphology.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23060" alt="Morfologia del rivestimento pittorico" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 2:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Evoluzione della morfologia superficiale della vernice in essiccazione in tempi diversi.</span></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1364ad7 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="1364ad7" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="617" height="461" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Drying-Paint-Coating-Measurement.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23059" alt="Caratterizzazione della superficie verniciata" />															</div>
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Drying-Paint-Surface-QC.jpg" title="" alt="Profilo della superficie verniciata" loading="lazy" />															</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b4decdd elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b4decdd" data-element_type="section">
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Drying-Paint-Surface-Profilometry.jpg" title="" alt="Analisi della superficie verniciata" loading="lazy" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Vista 3D dell&#039;evoluzione della superficie della vernice a diversi tempi di essiccazione.</span></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-217ac1c elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="217ac1c" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="703" height="559" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paint-Coating-Measurement.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23063" alt="Profilometria della superficie verniciata" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Profilo 2D attraverso il campione di vernice dopo diversi tempi di asciugatura.</span></p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ec42f4 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="8ec42f4" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="737" height="557" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Paint-Morphology-Evolution.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-23071" alt="Studio sulla superficie verniciata" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 5:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Evoluzione dell&#039;altezza media del campione e del valore di rugosità Sa in funzione del tempo di asciugatura della vernice.</span></p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ISO 25178 - Parametri di rugosità superficiale</h3>				</div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Tempo di asciugatura (min)</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>0</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>5</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>10</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>20</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>30</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>40</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>50</b></em></td>
<td><em><b>60</b></em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Quadrato (µm)</b></em></td>
<td>7.91</td>
<td>9.4</td>
<td>10.8</td>
<td>20.9</td>
<td>22.6</td>
<td>20.6</td>
<td>19.9</td>
<td>19.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Cod</b></em></td>
<td>26.3</td>
<td>19.8</td>
<td>14.6</td>
<td>11.9</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td>9.87</td>
<td>9.83</td>
<td>9.82</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Sp (µm)</b></em></td>
<td>97.4</td>
<td>105</td>
<td>108</td>
<td>116</td>
<td>125</td>
<td>118</td>
<td>114</td>
<td>112</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Sv (µm)</b></em></td>
<td>127</td>
<td>70.2</td>
<td>116</td>
<td>164</td>
<td>168</td>
<td>138</td>
<td>130</td>
<td>128</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Sz (µm)</b></em></td>
<td>224</td>
<td>175</td>
<td>224</td>
<td>280</td>
<td>294</td>
<td>256</td>
<td>244</td>
<td>241</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em><b>Sa (µm)</b></em></td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>5.44</td>
<td>6.42</td>
<td>12.2</td>
<td>13.3</td>
<td>12.2</td>
<td>11.9</td>
<td>11.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">mq –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Altezza quadratica media </span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"> | Codice –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Curtosi </span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"> | Sp –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Altezza massima del picco</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"> | Sv –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Altezza massima fossa</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"> | Tg –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Altezza massima</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"> | Sv –</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Altezza media aritmetica</span></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> <span class="fontstyle0">Rugosità della vernice a diversi tempi di asciugatura.</span> <br /></span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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<div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light">
<p>In questa applicazione, abbiamo mostrato le capacità del profilometro 3D senza contatto NANOVEA ST500 nel monitorare l&#039;evoluzione della morfologia della superficie della vernice durante il processo di essiccazione. Il sensore di linea ottica ad alta velocità, che genera una linea con 192 punti luminosi che scansionano simultaneamente la superficie del campione, ha reso lo studio efficiente in termini di tempo, garantendo al tempo stesso una precisione senza pari.</p>
<p>La funzione macro del software di acquisizione consente di programmare misurazioni automatizzate della morfologia della superficie 3D in situ, rendendolo particolarmente utile per misurazioni a lungo termine che coinvolgono più scansioni a specifici intervalli di tempo target. Riduce significativamente il tempo, lo sforzo e il potenziale di errori dell&#039;utente. I progressivi cambiamenti nella morfologia della superficie vengono continuamente monitorati e registrati in tempo reale mentre la vernice si asciuga, fornendo preziose informazioni sul meccanismo di asciugatura della vernice.</p>
<p>I dati mostrati qui rappresentano solo una frazione dei calcoli disponibili nel software di analisi. I profilometri NANOVEA sono in grado di misurare praticamente qualsiasi superficie, sia essa trasparente, scura, riflettente o opaca.</p></div></div></div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/morfologia-superficie-pittorica/">Paint Surface Morphology</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Analisi della frattografia con la profilometria 3D</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-frattografia-con-la-profilometria-3d/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fractography-analysis-using-3d-profilometry</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[nanovea]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2022 17:27:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Volume and Area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=18527</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>FRACTOGRAPHY ANALYSIS USING 3D PROFILOMETRY Prepared by CRAIG LEISING INTRODUCTION Fractography is the study of features on fractured surfaces and has historically been investigated via Microscope or SEM. Depending on the size of the feature, a microscope (macro features) or SEM (nano and micro features) are selected for the surface analysis. Both ultimately allowing for [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-frattografia-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fractography Analysis Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="18527" class="elementor elementor-18527" data-elementor-post-type="post">
						<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ec3d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7ec3d48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ANALISI DELLA FRATTOGRAFIA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">USANDO LA PROFILOMETRIA 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="217" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Metal-Fracture-Inspection.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-18498" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CRAIG LEISING</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
				</div>
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									<p>La frattografia è lo studio delle caratteristiche sulle superfici fratturate ed è stata storicamente studiata tramite microscopio o SEM. A seconda delle dimensioni dell&#039;elemento, per l&#039;analisi della superficie viene selezionato un microscopio (macro caratteristiche) o un SEM (nano e micro caratteristiche). Entrambi consentono in definitiva di identificare il tipo di meccanismo di frattura. Sebbene efficace, il microscopio presenta chiari limiti e il SEM nella maggior parte dei casi, oltre all’analisi a livello atomico, non è pratico per la misurazione della superficie della frattura e manca di una più ampia capacità di utilizzo. Con i progressi nella tecnologia di misurazione ottica, NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilometro 3D senza contatto</a> è ora considerato lo strumento preferito, con la sua capacità di fornire misurazioni di superfici 2D e 3D su scala nanometrica e macrometrica</p>								</div>
				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DEL PROFILOMETRO 3D SENZA CONTATTO PER L'ISPEZIONE DELLE FRATTURE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>A differenza di un SEM, un profilometro 3D senza contatto può misurare quasi tutte le superfici, le dimensioni del campione, con una preparazione minima del campione, il tutto offrendo dimensioni verticali e orizzontali superiori a quelle di un SEM. Con un profilatore, le caratteristiche da nano a macro gamma sono catturate in una singola misurazione con zero influenza dalla riflettività del campione. Misura facilmente qualsiasi materiale: trasparente, opaco, speculare, diffusivo, lucido, ruvido, ecc. Il profilometro 3D senza contatto fornisce una capacità ampia e facile da usare per massimizzare gli studi sulla frattura della superficie ad una frazione del costo di un SEM.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, il NANOVEA ST400 viene utilizzato per misurare la superficie fratturata di un campione di acciaio. In questo studio, mostreremo un'area 3D, l'estrazione del profilo 2D e la mappa direzionale della superficie.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">ST400</p>								</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">SAPERNE DI PIÙ</span>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st400">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="756" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Customizable-Profilometer.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9779" alt="Profilmometro ottico 3D Nanovea ST400 per l&#039;analisi della profondità del battistrada e della rugosità superficiale degli pneumatici" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-91f0b18" data-id="91f0b18" data-element_type="column">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUPERFICIE SUPERIORE</h2>				</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0621d2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="0621d2b" data-element_type="section">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="941" height="509" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Metal-Fracture-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18497" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae400e8" data-id="ae400e8" data-element_type="column">
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						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d503459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="d503459" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Direzione della texture della superficie 3D</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5948908 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="5948908" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="429" height="210" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/3D-Surface-Direction-Mapping.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18509" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bdf5736 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="bdf5736" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<table style="width: 100.868%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Isotropia</td><td style="width: 121.875%;">51.26%</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Prima direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;">123.2º</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Seconda direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;">116.3º</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Terza direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;">0.1725º</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f9fa7d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f9fa7d0" data-element_type="section">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="854" height="273" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fractography-Profilometer-Study.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18493" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ecc9c0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="ecc9c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Area superficiale, volume, rugosità e molti altri possono essere calcolati automaticamente da questa estrazione.</span> </p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e18f" data-id="6e6e18f" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-56bc628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="56bc628" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Estrazione del profilo 2D</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9bb102b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="9bb102b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="430" height="255" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fractography-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18491" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
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		</section>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d1d40f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="0d1d40f" data-element_type="section">
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					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d6ed5" data-id="d5d6ed5" data-element_type="column" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c6154dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c6154dc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-90aed2e" data-id="90aed2e" data-element_type="column">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUPERFICIE LATERALE</h2>				</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb0add2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="cb0add2" data-element_type="section">
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			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e1e9f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e1e9f50" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="944" height="506" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fractography-Profilometer-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18492" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-31333af" data-id="31333af" data-element_type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-42ad972 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="42ad972" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Direzione della texture della superficie 3D</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3cd8889 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="3cd8889" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="430" height="211" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fracture-3D-Surface-Direction-Mapping.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18494" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5a5cbe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5a5cbe4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<table style="width: 100.868%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Isotropia</td><td style="width: 121.875%;"><span class="fontstyle0">15.55</span>%</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Prima direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;"><span class="fontstyle0">0.1617</span>º</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Seconda direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;"><span class="fontstyle0">110.5</span>º</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 65.1042%;">Terza direzione</td><td style="width: 121.875%;"><span class="fontstyle0">171.5</span>º</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
				</div>
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		</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-23d7308 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="23d7308" data-element_type="section">
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						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-971463b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="971463b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="850" height="272" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Metal-Fracture-Measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18499" alt="" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-241bedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="241bedb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Area superficiale, volume, rugosità e molti altri possono essere calcolati automaticamente da questa estrazione.</span> </p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-356dcd0" data-id="356dcd0" data-element_type="column">
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Estrazione del profilo 2D</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5cc99d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="5cc99d7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="455" height="196" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fracture-Profilometry-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18495" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-18f7f2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="18f7f2e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>In questa applicazione, abbiamo mostrato come il NANOVEA ST400 3D Non-Contact Profilometer può caratterizzare con precisione la topografia completa (nano, micro e macro caratteristiche) di una superficie fratturata. Dall'area 3D, la superficie può essere chiaramente identificata e le sottoaree o i profili/sezioni trasversali possono essere rapidamente estratti e analizzati con una lista infinita di calcoli della superficie. Le caratteristiche superficiali sub nanometriche possono essere ulteriormente analizzate con un modulo AFM integrato.</p><p>Inoltre, NANOVEA ha incluso una versione portatile alla sua linea di profilometri, particolarmente importante per gli studi sul campo dove la superficie di frattura è immobile. Con questo ampio elenco di capacità di misurazione della superficie, l'analisi della superficie di frattura non è mai stata così facile e conveniente con un unico strumento.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-frattografia-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fractography Analysis Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Topografia della superficie della vetroresina con la profilometria 3D</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/topografia-della-superficie-della-vetroresina-con-la-profilometria-3d/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fiberglass-surface-topography-using-3d-profilometry</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[nanovea]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2022 15:00:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Flatness and Warpage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Step Height and Thickness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=18507</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>FIBERGLASS SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY USING 3D PROFILOMETRY Prepared by CRAIG LEISING INTRODUCTION Fiberglass is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called &#8220;fiberglass&#8221; in popular usage. IMPORTANCE OF [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/topografia-della-superficie-della-vetroresina-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fiberglass Surface Topography Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="18507" class="elementor elementor-18507" data-elementor-post-type="post">
						<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ec3d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7ec3d48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">TOPOGRAFIA DELLA SUPERFICIE IN VETRORESINA</h2>				</div>
				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">USANDO LA PROFILOMETRIA 3D</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-73c118d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="73c118d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="217" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-Quality-Control-Inspection.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-18503" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CRAIG LEISING</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="fontstyle0">La fibra di vetro è un materiale costituito da fibre di vetro estremamente sottili. Viene utilizzata come agente di rinforzo per molti prodotti polimerici; il materiale composito risultante, propriamente noto come polimero rinforzato con fibre (FRP) o plastica rinforzata con vetro (GRP), è chiamato "fibra di vetro" nell'uso popolare.</span>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DELL'ISPEZIONE METROLOGICA DELLE SUPERFICI PER IL CONTROLLO DI QUALITÀ</h2>				</div>
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									Sebbene gli usi del rinforzo in fibra di vetro siano molteplici, nella maggior parte delle applicazioni è fondamentale che siano il più resistenti possibile. I compositi in fibra di vetro hanno uno dei più alti rapporti tra resistenza e peso disponibili e in alcuni casi, libbra per libbra, sono più resistenti dell'acciaio. Oltre all'elevata resistenza, è importante che la superficie esposta sia la più ridotta possibile. Ampie superfici in vetroresina possono rendere la struttura più vulnerabile agli attacchi chimici ed eventualmente all'espansione del materiale. Pertanto, l'ispezione delle superfici è fondamentale per il controllo della qualità della produzione.								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, il NANOVEA ST400 viene utilizzato per misurare la rugosità e la planarità della superficie di un composito in fibra di vetro. Quantificando queste caratteristiche della superficie è possibile creare o ottimizzare un materiale composito in fibra di vetro più resistente e duraturo.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">ST400</p>								</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">SAPERNE DI PIÙ</span>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st400">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="756" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Customizable-Profilometer.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9779" alt="Profilmometro ottico 3D Nanovea ST400 per l&#039;analisi della profondità del battistrada e della rugosità superficiale degli pneumatici" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PARAMETRI DI MISURA</h2>				</div>
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									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><b><span class="fontstyle0">SONDA</span> </b></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle0">1 mm</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><span class="fontstyle0"><b>TASSO DI ACQUISIZIONE</b></span></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle0">300 Hz</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><span class="fontstyle0"><b>MEDIA</b></span></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><span class="fontstyle0"><b>SUPERFICIE MISURATA</b></span></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle0">5 mm x 2 mm</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><span class="fontstyle0"><b>DIMENSIONE DEL PASSO</b></span></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle0">5 µm x 5 µm</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 63.1148%;"><span class="fontstyle0"><b>MODALITÀ DI SCANSIONE</b></span></td><td style="width: 36.8852%; text-align: right;"><span class="fontstyle0">Velocità costante</span></td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="667" height="499" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-surface-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18504" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="666" height="666" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-surface-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18505" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SPECIFICHE DELLA SONDA</h2>				</div>
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									<table style="width: 95.7674%; height: 120px;"><tbody><tr><td><b><em>MISURA</em><em> GAMMA</em></b></td><td style="text-align: right;">1 mm</td></tr><tr><td><em><b>Z RISOLUZIONE</b></em></td><td style="text-align: right;"> 25 nm</td></tr><tr><td><em><b>Z ACCURATEZZA</b></em></td><td style="text-align: right;">200 nm</td></tr><tr><td><em><b>RISOLUZIONE LATERALE</b></em></td><td style="text-align: right;"> 2 μm</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1979bac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="1979bac" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">VISTA A FALSI COLORI</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="969" height="389" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-3D-scan-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18501" alt="" />															</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b66b493 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b66b493" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Piattezza della superficie 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="539" height="328" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-topography.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18508" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Rugosità superficiale 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="477" height="329" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Fiberglass-surface-topography.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18506" alt="" />															</div>
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									<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Sa</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">15,716 μm</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Altezza media aritmetica</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Sq</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">19,905 μm</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Altezza quadratica media</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Sp</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">116,74 μm</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Altezza massima del picco</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Sv</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">136,09 μm</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Altezza massima della fossa</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Sz</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">252,83 μm</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Altezza massima</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Ssk</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">0.556</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Skewness</td></tr><tr style="height: 24px;"><td style="width: 16.5979%; height: 24px;">Ssu</td><td style="width: 27.2797%; height: 24px;">3.654</td><td style="width: 52.8756%; height: 24px; text-align: left;">Curtosi</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Come mostrato nei risultati, il NANOVEA ST400 Optical <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilatore</a> è stato in grado di misurare con precisione la rugosità e la planarità della superficie composita in fibra di vetro. I dati possono essere misurati su più lotti di compositi in fibra e/o un determinato periodo di tempo per fornire informazioni cruciali sui diversi processi di produzione della fibra di vetro e su come reagiscono nel tempo. Pertanto, l’ST400 è una valida opzione per rafforzare il processo di controllo qualità dei materiali compositi in fibra di vetro.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Avete un'applicazione simile?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/topografia-della-superficie-della-vetroresina-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fiberglass Surface Topography Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Usura e attrito dei nastri polimerici con il tribometro</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/usura-e-attrito-dei-nastri-polimerici-con-il-tribometro/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=polymer-belt-wear-and-friction-using-tribometer</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[nanovea]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2022 21:24:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linear Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tribology Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=16977</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>POLYMER BELTS WEAR AND FRICTION USING a TRIBOMETER Prepared by DUANJIE LI, PhD INTRODUCTION Belt drive transmits power and tracks relative movement between two or more rotating shafts. As a simple and inexpensive solution with minimal maintenance, belt drives are widely used in a variety of applications, such as bucksaws, sawmills, threshers, silo blowers and [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/usura-e-attrito-dei-nastri-polimerici-con-il-tribometro/">Polymer Belt Wear and Friction using a Tribometer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="16977" class="elementor elementor-16977" data-elementor-post-type="post">
						<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ec3d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7ec3d48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CINGHIE IN POLIMERO</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">USURA E FRITTURA CON UN TRIBOMETRO</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="217" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Wear-Testing.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-16979" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">DUANJIE LI, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La trasmissione a cinghia trasmette potenza e traccia il movimento relativo tra due o più alberi rotanti. Essendo una soluzione semplice ed economica con una manutenzione minima, le trasmissioni a cinghia sono ampiamente utilizzate in una varietà di applicazioni, come seghe, segherie, trebbiatrici, soffiatori di silo e trasportatori. Le trasmissioni a cinghia possono proteggere i macchinari dal sovraccarico e smorzare e isolare le vibrazioni.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DELLA VALUTAZIONE DELL'USURA
PER LE TRASMISSIONI A CINGHIA</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Attrito e usura sono inevitabili per le cinghie di una macchina a cinghia. Un attrito sufficiente garantisce una trasmissione efficace della potenza senza slittamenti, ma un attrito eccessivo può usurare rapidamente la cinghia. Durante il funzionamento della trasmissione a cinghia si verificano diversi tipi di usura, come la fatica, l'abrasione e l'attrito. Per prolungare la durata della cinghia e ridurre i costi e i tempi di riparazione e sostituzione, è auspicabile una valutazione affidabile delle prestazioni di usura delle cinghie per migliorarne la durata, l'efficienza produttiva e le prestazioni applicative. La misurazione accurata del coefficiente di attrito e del tasso di usura della cinghia facilita la ricerca e lo sviluppo e il controllo di qualità della produzione di cinghie.</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t2000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="711" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/T2000-Superior-Tribometer.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9913" alt="Tribometro pneumatico ad alto carico" />								</a>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="fontstyle0">In questo studio abbiamo simulato e confrontato il comportamento all'usura di cinghie con diverse texture superficiali per mostrare la capacità del </span><span class="fontstyle2">NANOVEA </span><span class="fontstyle0">Il tribometro T2000 simula il processo di usura del nastro in modo controllato e monitorato.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">T2000</p>								</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">SAPERNE DI PIÙ</span>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PROCEDURE DI TEST</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Il coefficiente di attrito, COF, e la resistenza all'usura di due cinghie con diversa rugosità e struttura della superficie sono stati valutati con il metodo del </span><span class="fontstyle2">NANOVEA </span><span class="fontstyle0">Carico elevato <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">Tribometro </a>utilizzando il modulo di usura reciprocante lineare. Come contromateriale è stata utilizzata una sfera in acciaio 440 (diametro 10 mm). La rugosità superficiale e le tracce di usura sono state esaminate utilizzando un integrato <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilometro 3D senza contatto</a>. Il tasso di usura, </span><span class="fontstyle2">K</span><span class="fontstyle0">è stato valutato con la formula </span><span class="fontstyle2">K=Vl(Fxs)</span><span class="fontstyle0">, dove </span><span class="fontstyle2">V </span><span class="fontstyle0">è il volume consumato, </span><span class="fontstyle2">F </span><span class="fontstyle0">è il carico normale e </span><span class="fontstyle2">s </span><span class="fontstyle0">è la distanza di scorrimento.</span></p><p> </p><p><span class="fontstyle0">Si noti che in questo studio è stata utilizzata come esempio una sfera liscia in acciaio 440, ma è possibile applicare qualsiasi materiale solido con forme e finiture superficiali diverse utilizzando dispositivi personalizzati per simulare la situazione applicativa reale.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="759" height="428" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Wear-and-Friction.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16988" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="758" height="514" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Tribometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16987" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Il nastro testurizzato e il nastro liscio presentano una rugosità superficiale Ra di 33,5 e 8,7 um, rispettivamente, secondo i profili superficiali analizzati presi con un </span><span class="fontstyle2">NANOVEA </span><span class="fontstyle0">Profilatore ottico 3D senza contatto. Il COF e il tasso di usura delle due cinghie testate sono stati misurati rispettivamente a 10 N e 100 N, per confrontare il comportamento di usura delle cinghie a carichi diversi.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">FIGURA 1 </span><span class="fontstyle2">mostra l'evoluzione del COF delle cinghie durante i test di usura. Le cinghie con texture diverse mostrano comportamenti di usura sostanzialmente diversi. È interessante notare che dopo il periodo di rodaggio, durante il quale il COF aumenta progressivamente, il nastro testurizzato raggiunge un COF inferiore, pari a ~0,5, in entrambe le prove condotte con carichi di 10 N e 100 N. In confronto, il nastro liscio testato con un carico di 10 N mostra un COF significativamente più alto, pari a ~1,4, quando il COF si stabilizza e si mantiene al di sopra di questo valore per il resto della prova. La cinghia liscia testata con un carico di 100 N è stata rapidamente consumata dalla sfera in acciaio 440 e ha formato un'ampia traccia di usura. La prova è stata quindi interrotta a 220 giri.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="571" height="472" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-COF.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16980" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0"> Evoluzione della COF dei nastri a diversi carichi.
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									<p>La FIGURA 2 confronta le immagini 3D delle tracce di usura dopo i test a 100 N. Il profilometro 3D senza contatto NANOVEA offre uno strumento per analizzare la morfologia dettagliata delle tracce di usura, fornendo maggiori informazioni sulla comprensione fondamentale del meccanismo di usura.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="602" height="150" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Coefficient-of-Friction.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16991" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0"> Risultato dell'analisi delle tracce di usura.
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="586" height="411" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Profilometer-scan.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16983" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 2:</span><span style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;">  <span class="fontstyle0">Vista 3D dei due nastri<br />dopo le prove a 100 N.</span></span></span></p>								</div>
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									<p class="MsoNormal">Il profilo tridimensionale della pista di usura consente di determinare direttamente e con precisione il volume della pista di usura calcolato dal software di analisi avanzata, come mostrato nella TABELLA 1. In un test di usura di 220 giri, il nastro liscio presenta una traccia di usura molto più ampia e profonda, con un volume di 75,7 mm3 , rispetto a un volume di usura di 14,0 mm3 per il nastro testurizzato dopo un test di usura di 600 giri. L'attrito significativamente più elevato del nastro liscio contro la sfera d'acciaio porta a un tasso di usura 15 volte superiore rispetto al nastro testurizzato.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Una differenza così drastica di COF tra il nastro testurizzato e il nastro liscio è probabilmente legata alla dimensione dell'area di contatto tra il nastro e la sfera d'acciaio, che porta anche a prestazioni di usura diverse. La FIGURA 3 mostra le tracce di usura dei due nastri al microscopio ottico. L'esame delle tracce di usura è in accordo con l'osservazione dell'evoluzione della COF: La cinghia testurizzata, che mantiene un basso COF di ~0,5, non mostra alcun segno di usura dopo il test di usura con un carico di 10 N. La cinghia liscia mostra una piccola traccia di usura a 10 N. I test di usura eseguiti a 100 N creano tracce di usura sostanzialmente più grandi sia sulla cinghia testurizzata che su quella liscia, e il tasso di usura sarà calcolato utilizzando profili 3D come verrà discusso nel paragrafo successivo.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="490" height="470" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Wear-Test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16989" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="491" height="472" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Friction-Test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16981" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="491" height="472" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polymer-Belts-Tribometer-Test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16986" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 3:</span><span style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;">  <span class="fontstyle0">Tracce di usura al microscopio ottico.</span> <br /></span></span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questo studio abbiamo dimostrato la capacità del tribometro NANOVEA T2000 di valutare il coefficiente di attrito e il tasso di usura delle cinghie in modo ben controllato e quantitativo. La struttura della superficie gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella resistenza all'attrito e all'usura delle cinghie durante il loro funzionamento. Il nastro testurizzato presenta un coefficiente di attrito stabile di ~0,5 e possiede una lunga durata, che si traduce in una riduzione dei tempi e dei costi di riparazione o sostituzione degli utensili. In confronto, l'attrito eccessivo del nastro liscio contro la sfera d'acciaio consuma rapidamente il nastro. Inoltre, il carico sul nastro è un fattore fondamentale per la sua durata. Il sovraccarico crea un attrito molto elevato, che porta a un'usura accelerata del nastro.</p>
<p>Il tribometro NANOVEA T2000 offre test di usura e attrito precisi e ripetibili utilizzando modalità rotative e lineari conformi alle norme ISO e ASTM, con moduli opzionali per l'usura ad alta temperatura, la lubrificazione e la tribocorrosione disponibili in un unico sistema pre-integrato.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 16.8px;">NANOVEA&nbsp;</span>è la soluzione ideale per determinare l'intera gamma di proprietà tribologiche di rivestimenti, film e substrati sottili o spessi, morbidi o duri.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/usura-e-attrito-dei-nastri-polimerici-con-il-tribometro/">Polymer Belt Wear and Friction using a Tribometer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Microstruttura dei fossili con la profilometria 3D</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/microstruttura-dei-fossili-con-la-profilometria-3d/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fossil-microstructure-using-3d-profilometry</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 20:03:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
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		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=16911</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>FOSSIL MICROSTRUCTURE USING 3D PROFILOMETRY Prepared by DUANJIE LI, PhD INTRODUCTION Fossils are the preserved remains of traces of plants, animals and other organisms buried in sediment under ancient seas, lakes and rivers. The soft body tissue usually decays after death, but the hard shells, bones and teeth fossilize. Microstructure surface features are often preserved [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/microstruttura-dei-fossili-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fossil Microstructure Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="16911" class="elementor elementor-16911" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MICROSTRUTTURA FOSSILE</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">USANDO LA PROFILOMETRIA 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="217" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fossils-Portable-Profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-16924" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">DUANJIE LI, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>I fossili sono i resti conservati di tracce di piante, animali e altri organismi sepolti nei sedimenti di antichi mari, laghi e fiumi. I tessuti molli del corpo di solito si decompongono dopo la morte, ma i gusci duri, le ossa e i denti si fossilizzano. Le caratteristiche superficiali della microstruttura sono spesso conservate quando avviene la sostituzione minerale dei gusci e delle ossa originali, il che fornisce una visione dell'evoluzione del tempo e del meccanismo di formazione dei fossili.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DI UN PROFILOMETRO 3D SENZA CONTATTO PER L'ESAME DEI FOSSILI</h2>				</div>
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									<p>I profili 3D del fossile ci permettono di osservare da vicino le caratteristiche superficiali dettagliate del campione fossile. L&#039;alta risoluzione e la precisione del profilometro NANOVEA potrebbero non essere distinguibili ad occhio nudo. Il software di analisi del profilometro offre un&#039;ampia gamma di studi applicabili a queste superfici uniche. A differenza di altre tecniche come i tastatori, la NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilometro 3D senza contatto</a> misura le caratteristiche della superficie senza toccare il campione. Ciò consente di preservare le vere caratteristiche superficiali di alcuni delicati campioni fossili. Inoltre, il profilometro portatile modello Jr25 consente la misurazione 3D su siti fossili, il che facilita sostanzialmente l&#039;analisi dei fossili e la protezione dopo lo scavo.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">In questo studio, il profilometro NANOVEA Jr25 è stato utilizzato per misurare la superficie di due campioni fossili rappresentativi. L'intera superficie di ciascun fossile è stata scansionata e analizzata per caratterizzarne le caratteristiche superficiali, tra cui rugosità, contorno e direzione della texture.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: left;">Jr25</p>								</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">SAPERNE DI PIÙ</span>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="664" height="733" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NANOVEA-Jr25-Portable-Profilometer.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-12966" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">FOSSILE DI BRACHIOPODE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il primo campione fossile presentato in questa relazione è un Brachiopode fossile, proveniente da un animale marino dotato di "valvole" (gusci) dure sulla superficie superiore e inferiore. La loro prima comparsa risale al periodo Cambriano, più di 550 milioni di anni fa.</p><p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">La vista 3D della scansione è mostrata in FIGURA 1 e la vista in falsi colori è mostrata in FIGURA 2. </span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="535" height="501" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Shell-Fossil-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16919" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="717" height="521" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Brachiopod-Fossil-Scan-Profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16939" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 1: </span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0">Vista 3D del campione fossile di brachiopode.</span><br /></span></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="501" height="418" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Brachiopod-Fossil-Study.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16925" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 2: </span><span class="fontstyle0"><span style="color: #000000;">Vista in falsi colori del campione fossile di brachiopode.</span></span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">La forma complessiva è stata poi rimossa dalla superficie per indagare la morfologia superficiale locale e il contorno del fossile di brachiopode, come mostrato nella FIGURA 3. Sul campione di Brachiopode fossile si può ora osservare una particolare texture di scanalature divergenti.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="773" height="318" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Shell-Fossil-Profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16920" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0"> Vista False Color e Vista Linee di contorno dopo la rimozione della forma.</span><br /></span></span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Un profilo di linea viene estratto dall'area testurizzata per mostrare una vista trasversale della superficie fossile in FIGURA 4. Lo studio dell'altezza del gradino misura le dimensioni precise delle caratteristiche della superficie. I solchi hanno una larghezza media di ~0,38 mm e una profondità di ~0,25 mm.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="243" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Shell-Fossil-Study.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16921" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="161" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Fossil-Study-Profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16938" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0"> Studi sul profilo delle linee e sull'altezza dei gradini della superficie strutturata.</span><br /></span></span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">FOSSILE DI STELO DI CRINOIDE</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Il secondo campione fossile è un fossile di stelo di crinoide. I crinoidi sono comparsi per la prima volta nei mari del periodo Cambriano medio, circa 300 milioni di anni prima dei dinosauri. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">La vista 3D della scansione è mostrata nella FIGURA 5 e la vista in falsi colori è mostrata nella FIGURA 6. </span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="661" height="508" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Stem-Fossil-Study.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16917" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 5: </span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="fontstyle0">Vista 3D del campione fossile di crinoide.</span><br /></span></span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">L'isotropia e la rugosità della texture superficiale del fossile del crinoide sono analizzate nella FIGURA 7. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;"> </span><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">Questo fossile ha una direzione preferenziale della tessitura nell'angolo vicino a 90°, che porta all'isotropia della tessitura di 69%.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="497" height="368" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Fossil-Profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16914" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 6:</span><span style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"> Vista a falsi colori del </span></span><span style="color: #000000;">Gambo di crinoide </span><span style="color: #000000;">campione.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="506" height="248" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Fossil-Measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16913" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="444" height="202" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Fossil-Isotropy-and-Roughness.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16912" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="234" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fossil-Profilometry-Parameters.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16918" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 7:</span><span style="color: #1b96cf;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></span><span style="color: #000000;">Isotropia della texture superficiale e rugosità del gambo fossile di Crinoide.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Il profilo 2D lungo la direzione assiale del fossile di crinoide è illustrato nella FIGURA 8. </span></p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">La dimensione dei picchi della texture superficiale è abbastanza uniforme.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="211" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Stem-Fossil-Profile-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16916" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="145" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Crinoid-Stem-Fossil-2D-Profile-Analysis.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-16915" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 8:</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Analisi del profilo 2D del fossile del fusto di crinoide.</span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">In questa applicazione, abbiamo studiato in modo esaustivo le caratteristiche superficiali 3D di un fossile di Brachiopode e di un Crinoide utilizzando il profilometro portatile senza contatto NANOVEA Jr25. Abbiamo dimostrato che lo strumento è in grado di caratterizzare con precisione la morfologia 3D dei campioni fossili. Le interessanti caratteristiche superficiali e la texture dei campioni vengono poi analizzate ulteriormente. Il campione di brachiopode possiede una struttura a scanalature divergenti, mentre il fossile di stelo di crinoide mostra un'isotropia preferenziale della struttura. Le scansioni 3D dettagliate e precise della superficie si rivelano strumenti ideali per paleontologi e geologi per studiare l'evoluzione della vita e la formazione dei fossili.</span></p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text ); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I dati qui riportati rappresentano solo una parte dei calcoli disponibili nel software di analisi. I profilometri NANOVEA misurano virtualmente qualsiasi superficie in campi come quello dei semiconduttori, della microelettronica, del solare, delle fibre ottiche, dell'automotive, dell'aerospaziale, della metallurgia, della lavorazione, dei rivestimenti, del farmaceutico, del biomedicale, dell'ambientale e molti altri.</span></p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/microstruttura-dei-fossili-con-la-profilometria-3d/">Fossil Microstructure Using 3D Profilometry</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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