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	<title>Andrew Shore, Author at NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing -</title>
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	<description>Strumenti metrologici per la ricerca e il controllo qualità dei materiali</description>
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	<title>Andrew Shore, Author at NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing -</title>
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		<title>Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 20:57:16 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Stent Coating Adhesion Testing Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing Quantifying Coating Failure and Adhesion Performance on Drug-Eluting Stents Request Coating Adhesion Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research &#38; Experimental Testing Duanjie Li, PhD Visual Design &#38; Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Blood is carried through arteries from [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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									<p>Application Note | Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</p>								</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Quantifying Coating Failure and Adhesion Performance on Drug-Eluting Stents</h2>				</div>
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															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1400" height="420" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-delamination-nano-scratch-critical-load.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26273" alt="stent coating adhesion testing nano scratch delamination critical load" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Andrew Shore</p>				</div>
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		</section>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">Blood is carried through arteries from the heart to the rest of the body. Any weakening or blockage of these vessels can pose significant health risks and may become life-threatening. A stent is a small mesh tube inserted into the lumen of a blood vessel to treat narrowed or weakened arteries. Stent implantation is now a widely used procedure to support the arterial wall and restore blood flowᶦ.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="1200" height="320" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/medical-stent-mesh-structure-metal-stent-geometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26304" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Metal stent mesh geometry illustrating the structural complexity of vascular implant design.</p>								</div>
				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why coating adhesion matters in drug-eluting stents</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="786" data-end="1054">Drug-eluting stents represent a major advancement in stent technology. They incorporate a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer coating that enables controlled drug release at the arterial site, helping to inhibit intimal thickening and reduce the risk of restenosisᶦᶦ.</p><p data-start="1056" data-end="1284">A critical concern in these systems is the delamination of the polymer coating from the metallic stent substrate. This coating carries the drug-eluting layer, and its adhesion directly impacts device performance and reliability.</p><p data-start="1286" data-end="1537">To improve coating adhesion, stents are often designed with complex geometries. In this study, the polymer coating is located at the bottom of grooves within the stent mesh. This configuration presents a significant challenge for adhesion measurement.</p><p data-start="1539" data-end="1795">A reliable method is required to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial strength between the polymer coating and the metal substrate. The small diameter of the stent mesh, comparable to a human hair, combined with its three-dimensional geometry, requires:</p><ul data-start="1796" data-end="1916"><li data-section-id="1n0qc6y" data-start="1796" data-end="1834">ultrafine X-Y positioning accuracy</li><li data-section-id="1003zy" data-start="1835" data-end="1870">precise control of applied load</li><li data-section-id="q3r43w" data-start="1871" data-end="1916">accurate depth measurement during testing</li></ul>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per saperne di più <a href="https://nanovea.com/nanoindentation-and-scratch-testing-lab-services/">nanoindentation and scratch testing lab services for coating adhesion and failure analysis</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="267" data-end="454">Nano scratch testing is performed using the <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">Tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000</a>, in Nano Scratch Mode, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal mesh of stent samples.</p><p data-start="460" data-end="648">Controlled scratch measurements are carried out on stent geometries with dimensions comparable to a human hair, enabling precise evaluation of coating adhesion on complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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							<img decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanoindenter-scratch-tester-platform-nanovea-pb1000.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25767" alt="Piattaforma di nanoindentazione e scratch tester NANOVEA PB1000 con moduli di nano e micro indentazione" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Condizioni di prova</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The stent is fixed on the sample stage, with a support wire inserted inside the stent tube to ensure stability during nano scratch testing. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester is used to perform nano scratch measurements using the parameters summarized in Table 1, to evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of the polymer coating on the metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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									<div class="measurement-table-wrapper"><table class="measurement-table"><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Load type</td><td>Progressivo</td></tr><tr><td>Initial load</td><td>0.05 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Final load</td><td>300 and 100 mN</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding speed</td><td>0.5 mm/min</td></tr><tr><td>Sliding distance</td><td>0.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter geometry</td><td>Conico</td></tr><tr><td>Indenter material (tip)</td><td>Diamante</td></tr><tr><td>Raggio della punta del penetratore</td><td>20 µm</td></tr><tr><td>Temperatura</td><td>24°C (room)</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Tabella 1: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on regular stent samples</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1073" data-end="1296">The SEM image in Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of the stent sample. The stent features a groove with a depth of approximately 30 µm. The polymer coating, with a thickness of 10.8 µm, is located at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="1298" data-end="1497">Standard 60° conical diamond tips are not sharp enough to reach the bottom of the groove without contacting the sidewalls. Therefore, a sharper 40° conical diamond tip is used in this study (Fig. 2).</p><p data-start="1499" data-end="1582">Nano scratch measurements are performed using the parameters summarized in Table 2.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Load type</td>
<td>Progressivo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Initial load</td>
<td>0.1 mN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Final load</td>
<td>300 mN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tasso di carico</td>
<td>300 mN/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scratch length</td>
<td>0.25 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Scratch speed</td>
<td>0.25 mm/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indenter geometry</td>
<td>40° cone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indenter material (tip)</td>
<td>Diamante</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Raggio della punta del penetratore</td>
<td>5 µm</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Table 2: </span>Test parameters for nano scratch measurements on grooved stent samples</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="932" height="1042" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-cross-section-sem-adhesion-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26288" alt="stent groove cross section polymer coating thickness adhesion analysis nano scratch testing" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 1: </span>SEM cross-section of a grooved stent showing polymer coating located at the bottom of the groove, highlighting the challenge of coating adhesion measurement in recessed geometries.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-diamond-tip-40-degree-stent-groove-testing.svg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26289" alt="nano scratch diamond tip 40 degree stent groove coating adhesion testing schematic" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 2: </span>Schematic of a 40° conical diamond tip designed for nano scratch testing inside stent grooves, enabling accurate adhesion measurement without sidewall interference.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Risultati e discussione</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 100 μm, comparable to a human hair. Precise positioning is therefore critical to ensure the scratch test is performed at the center of the stent mesh. The NANOVEA Mechanical Tester provides X–Y positioning accuracy down to 0.25 μm, enabling accurate test placement under the integrated optical microscope.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1. Regular Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="641" data-end="857">Nano scratch testing is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch track on the stent is shown in Fig. 3a, while failure behavior at different stages is presented in Fig. 3b and 3c.</p><p data-start="859" data-end="893">Two critical loads are identified:</p><ul data-start="894" data-end="1061"><li data-section-id="14iz9qw" data-start="894" data-end="972">Lc1: the load at which the first visible damage appears on the coating</li><li data-section-id="1mmzt6b" data-start="973" data-end="1061">Lc2: the load at which the coating is fully removed and the substrate is exposed</li></ul><p data-start="1063" data-end="1226">The evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth is shown in Fig. 4, providing insight into the progression of coating failure during the test.</p><p data-start="1228" data-end="1499">The first signs of coating damage appear at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN. As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a wider and deeper scratch track. During this phase, the COF increases from approximately 0.05 to 0.7.</p><p data-start="1501" data-end="1756">At Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN, the coating is fully delaminated from the metal substrate. Beyond this point, as the load continues to increase, both COF and penetration depth remain relatively stable due to the mechanical support of the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23d3399 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="23d3399" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="404" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-nano-scratch-track-full-progressive-load.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26293" alt="nano scratch track stent coating progressive load adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Full Scratch Track</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7016a63 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7016a63" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-initial-failure-lc1-nano-scratch-14-5mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26294" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) <strong data-start="599" data-end="616">Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="897" height="670" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-delamination-lc2-nano-scratch-78-1mn.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26295" alt="stent coating delamination lc2 nano scratch 78.1 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) <strong data-start="625" data-end="642">Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN</strong></p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 3: </span>Nano scratch track on a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing (a) full scratch path, (b) initial coating failure at Lc1 ≈ 14.5 mN, and (c) complete coating delamination at Lc2 ≈ 78.1 mN.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9cfe8c elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="c9cfe8c" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1751" height="725" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-stent-coating-failure-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26296" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating coefficient of friction depth progression adhesion failure" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 4: </span>Evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth during nano scratch testing of a stent coating under progressively increasing load, showing the progression of coating failure and transition to substrate support.</p>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f9e723a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f9e723a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="246" data-end="537">Failures during nano scratch testing up to a maximum load of 300 mN occur at critical loads below 100 mN. To enable a more quantitative comparison of coating performance, additional tests are performed with a maximum load of 100 mN on two stent samples, referred to as Sample 1 and Sample 2.</p><p data-start="539" data-end="794">Fig. 5 compares the scratch tracks of Sample 1 and Sample 2 after nano scratch testing. Sample 1 exhibits the first sign of coating damage at a critical load of Lc1 ≈ 13.2 mN, while Sample 2 shows initial failure at a higher load of Lc1 ≈ 21.1 mN.</p><p data-start="796" data-end="1002">Coating delamination occurs at 62.5 mN for Sample 1. In contrast, the coating on Sample 2 remains intact throughout the test, continuing to protect the metal substrate under the same loading conditions.</p><p data-start="1004" data-end="1350">This behavior is further reflected in the evolution of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth, as shown in Fig. 6. When the diamond tip penetrates through the coating and contacts the metal substrate in Sample 1, the COF reaches a peak while the penetration depth decreases due to the increased stiffness of the underlying substrate.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample1-early-failure-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26297" alt="stent coating sample 1 early failure nano scratch track delamination adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 1 – Early Coating Failure</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1797" height="288" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-coating-sample2-high-adhesion-nano-scratch.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26298" alt="stent coating sample 2 high adhesion nano scratch track minimal damage testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(b) Sample 2 – Improved Coating Integrity</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 5: </span>Comparison of nano scratch tracks for two stent coatings, showing (a) early coating failure and delamination in Sample 1, and (b) improved coating integrity in Sample 2 under the same loading conditions.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="913" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-cof-depth-comparison-stent-coating-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26299" alt="nano scratch testing stent coating COF depth comparison sample 1 sample 2 adhesion performance" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 6: </span>Comparison of coefficient of friction (COF) and penetration depth for Sample 1 and Sample 2 during nano scratch testing, showing earlier substrate contact and higher friction response in Sample 1, indicating weaker coating adhesion.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f64c74c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f64c74c" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2. Grooved Stent Samples</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="279" data-end="601">As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 7, the grooved stent mesh has a diameter of approximately 90 μm, comparable to a human hair. The groove has a width of ~50 μm and a depth of 30 μm. This geometry presents a significant challenge for nano scratch testing, particularly for evaluating coating adhesion at the bottom of the groove.</p><p data-start="603" data-end="847">Precise positioning is critical to locate the scratch test within the groove. The nano scratch test is performed with a progressively increasing load up to 300 mN. The full scratch tracks of grooved stent Samples 3 and 4 are compared in Fig. 7.</p><p data-start="849" data-end="1108">The critical load Lc is defined as the load at which the coating fails and the substrate becomes exposed. The evolution of normal load and penetration depth, shown in Fig. 8, provides further insight into the progression of coating failure during testing.</p><p data-start="1110" data-end="1331">As the applied load increases, the diamond tip progressively penetrates the polymer coating, resulting in a deeper scratch track. When the critical load Lc is reached, the coating delaminates from the metal substrate.</p><p data-start="1333" data-end="1516">Sample 3 exhibits coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN, while Sample 4 fails at a higher load of Lc ≈ 173 mN. This difference indicates stronger adhesion of the coating in Sample 4.</p><p data-start="1518" data-end="1773">The measured critical loads enable quantitative comparison of coating adhesion performance. Under the same testing conditions, the coating on Sample 4 demonstrates higher resistance to delamination, making it the better-performing candidate in this study.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-failure-sample3-nano-scratch-126mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26300" alt="stent groove coating failure sample 3 nano scratch 126 mN adhesion testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(c) Sample 3 – Coating Failure in Groove (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1794" height="966" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/stent-groove-coating-high-adhesion-sample4-nano-scratch-173mn.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26301" alt="stent groove coating adhesion sample 4 nano scratch 173 mN minimal failure testing" />															</div>
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									<p>(d) Sample 4 – Higher Adhesion in Groove (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 7: </span>Nano scratch tracks inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing (c) coating failure at Lc ≈ 126 mN in Sample 3 and (d) higher adhesion with delayed failure at Lc ≈ 173 mN in Sample 4.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample3-grooved-stent-failure.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26302" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>(a) Sample 3 – Earlier Coating Failure (Lc ≈ 126 mN)</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1500" height="680" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/nano-scratch-load-depth-sample4-grooved-stent-high-adhesion.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26303" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="319" data-end="387">(b) Sample 4 – Delayed Failure and Higher Adhesion (Lc ≈ 173 mN)</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">Fig. 8: </span>Evolution of normal load and penetration depth during nano scratch testing inside stent grooves for Samples 3 and 4, showing earlier coating failure in Sample 3 and delayed failure at higher load in Sample 4. The vertical green line indicates the critical load (Lc) where coating delamination occurs.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="245" data-end="468">This study demonstrates the ability of the NANOVEA Mechanical Tester to quantitatively evaluate the cohesive and adhesive strength of polymer coatings on both regular and grooved stent geometries using nano scratch testing.</p><p data-start="470" data-end="825">The recessed geometry of the stent grooves, approximately 50 μm wide and 30 μm deep, presents a significant challenge for coating adhesion measurement. The high X–Y positioning accuracy of 0.25 μm enables precise placement of the scratch test within these confined regions, allowing direct evaluation of coating performance where failure is most critical.</p><p data-start="827" data-end="1124">By applying a controlled, progressively increasing load, critical loads associated with coating failure can be identified and compared across samples. This approach enables reliable differentiation of coating adhesion performance and interfacial integrity, even on small, complex stent structures.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Riferimenti</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[I] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents</em><br /><em>[II] http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-99402006000300008 </em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Stent Coating Adhesion Testing</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is stent coating adhesion testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Stent coating adhesion testing evaluates how strongly a polymer coating is bonded to the metal substrate of a stent. Techniques such as nano scratch testing quantify the load at which coating damage and delamination occur, providing measurable indicators of adhesion strength.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is critical load (Lc) in nano scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="658" data-end="746">Critical load (Lc) is the applied load at which a coating fails during a scratch test.</p><ul data-start="747" data-end="890"><li data-section-id="bhdxv4" data-start="747" data-end="813">Lc1 corresponds to the first visible damage in the coating</li><li data-section-id="4photk" data-start="814" data-end="890">Lc2 indicates complete coating removal and exposure of the substrate</li></ul><p data-start="892" data-end="967">These values are used to quantify and compare coating adhesion performance.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is coating adhesion important in drug-eluting stents?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Coating adhesion directly affects the reliability of drug-eluting stents. Poor adhesion can lead to coating delamination, which may compromise controlled drug release and increase the risk of device failure.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How do you measure coating adhesion inside stent grooves?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Measuring adhesion inside stent grooves requires high positioning accuracy and appropriate indenter geometry. Nano scratch testing with sharp diamond tips allows access to recessed coating regions, enabling direct evaluation of adhesion within complex stent geometries.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What does coefficient of friction (COF) indicate in scratch testing?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">The coefficient of friction (COF) reflects changes in surface interaction during the scratch test. A sudden increase in COF often indicates coating failure and contact between the indenter and the underlying metal substrate.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How can nano scratch testing compare different coating formulations?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Nano scratch testing enables direct comparison of coatings by measuring critical loads under controlled conditions. Higher critical loads indicate stronger adhesion and improved resistance to delamination, allowing selection of better-performing coating systems.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Stent Coating Adhesion Testing?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/stent-coating-adhesion-testing-nano-scratch/">Stent Coating Adhesion and Delamination Analysis Using Nano Scratch Testing</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Thu, 05 Mar 2026 21:02:01 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
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		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=26196</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Application Note &#124; Dental Surface Characterization Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry Request Surface Analysis Ask an Expert Live Prepared by Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA Introduction The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="26196" class="elementor elementor-26196" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<p>Application Note | Dental Surface Characterization</p>								</div>
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement and Full 3D Tooth Topography</h1>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis Using Non-Contact Optical Profilometry</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26092" alt="Dental surface roughness measurement and 3D molar reconstruction using optical profilometry" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Walter Alabiso, PhD; Davide Morrone, MPhys; Andrew Shore, MA</p>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Introduzione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="836" data-end="1458">The ability to accurately characterize tooth surfaces, including micro-roughness and 3D surface topography at the nanometer scale, enables advanced research and applications in orthodontics and dental materials science. Non-contact optical profilometry provides a precise method for measuring dental surface roughness and analyzing tooth surface morphology without damaging delicate structures. These measurements support the development of composite dental materials that replicate the natural surface roughness of enamel, as well as the design and fabrication of patient-specific dental casts and restorative components.</p><p data-start="1460" data-end="1982">Low surface roughness plays a primary role in limiting bacterial adhesion and plaque formation, thereby reducing the risk of cavities. An increase in average roughness (Ra) above 2 µm leads to a steep increase in biofilm formation in vivo.¹ An Ra of 0.2 µm is considered the threshold value below which no further reduction in bacterial adhesion can be expected.²</p><p data-start="1984" data-end="2182">Reconstruction of the tooth’s 3D surface topography enables the fabrication of dental casts, which are essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and the fabrication of dental appliances.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Non-Contact Optical Profilometry for Dental Surface Analysis</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="232" data-end="713">The present study illustrates the potential of NANOVEA’s high-precision non-contact optical profilometers for dental surface roughness measurement and 3D tooth topography analysis. Chromatic Light technology offers significant advantages over classical touch probe techniques. It acquires data points from deep crevices and complex geometries without introducing measurement errors or artifacts caused by local plastic deformation and without requiring extensive data manipulation.</p><p data-start="715" data-end="1135">Compared to focus variation systems, single-point optical sensing provides superior lateral and height accuracy, with X/Y resolution below 0.5 µm, maximum vertical resolution of 1.9 nm, and the ability to measure surface angles up to 87°. The technique is effective on transparent, opaque, specular, diffusive, polished, and rough dental surfaces, making it well suited for comprehensive dental surface characterization.</p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per saperne di più <a href="https://nanovea.com/surface-profiling-lab-services/">non-contact optical profilometry and surface roughness measurement services</a>.</em></p>								</div>
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		</section>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Measurement Method</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="313" data-end="697">In questa applicazione, il <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/jr25/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler</a> was used to analyze the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar previously affected by tooth decay. The side of the tooth was scanned using a PS2–MG140 single-point optical sensor to measure surface roughness parameters over a defined region of interest and along multiple line profiles.</p><p data-start="699" data-end="888">The crown of the tooth was then scanned and reconstructed using a PS5–MG35 single-point optical sensor, which is suited for larger-area acquisition and full 3D tooth topography measurement.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d556682 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="d556682" data-element_type="section">
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;"><br />NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">JR25 Portable</span><br />Profilometro ottico</p>								</div>
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							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nanovea-jr25-portable-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25699" alt="NANOVEA JR25 portable optical profilometer for non-contact surface measurement" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Measurement Using NANOVEA Optical Profilometer</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="914" data-end="1026">Surface roughness measurements were performed on the lateral side of the molar crown, followed by full 3D reconstruction of the crown surface. Separate single-point optical sensors were used to optimize measurement accuracy for both localized roughness analysis and large-area surface topography acquisition.</p>								</div>
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									<p>PS2 – MG140</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/optical-profilometer-dental-surface-roughness-measurement.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26123" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Surface roughness analysis by area and parallel line profiles on the side of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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									<p>PS5 – MG35</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="351" height="465" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/3d-tooth-topography-measurement-optical-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-26122" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Full 3D surface reconstruction of the tooth’s crown.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Parametri di misura</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">The following measurement parameters were used for localized surface roughness analysis and full 3D surface reconstruction of the molar crown using NANOVEA single-point optical sensors.</p>								</div>
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<table class="measurement-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Roughness Analysis (Area)</th>
<th>Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</th>
<th>Full 3D Reconstruction</th>
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<td>Optical Pen</td>
<td>PS2-MG140</td>
<td>PS2-MG140</td>
<td>PS5-MG35</td>
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<td>Z-Range [µm]</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>10000</td>
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<td>X-Distance [mm]</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>3.00</td>
<td>7.50</td>
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<td>X-Step Size [µm]</td>
<td>1.70</td>
<td>1.70</td>
<td>10.00</td>
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<td>Y-Distance [mm]</td>
<td>2.00</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>7.00</td>
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<td>Y-Step Size [µm]</td>
<td>1.70</td>
<td>100.00</td>
<td>10.00</td>
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<td>Averaging (Avg)</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
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<td>Measurement Type</td>
<td>Direct</td>
<td>Direct</td>
<td>Direct</td>
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<td>Acquisition Mode</td>
<td>Single Frequency</td>
<td>Single Frequency</td>
<td>Dual Frequency</td>
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<td>Acquisition Rate [Hz]</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>100–400</td>
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<td>Light Intensity [%]</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>100</td>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Optical Profilometry Results</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Surface Roughness Analysis (Area)</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The PS2 single-point optical sensor was used to investigate fine surface features on the side of the tooth. The image below shows a false-color 2D surface map of the scanned region obtained by non-contact optical profilometry.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1162" height="906" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-scanned-region-2d-height-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26127" alt="False-color 2D height map of scanned tooth surface region" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A least-squares degree-8 polynomial form removal was applied to isolate the surface roughness component. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 µm and L-Gaussian 0.8 mm were then applied according to ISO 25178. The resulting filtered surface and corresponding roughness parameters are presented below.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e80acb9 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="e80acb9" data-element_type="section">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="950" height="748" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-iso-25178-filtered-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26133" alt="" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-roughness-table-wrapper"><table class="iso-roughness-table"><tbody><!-- Filter Settings --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">ISO 25178 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>F:</strong> [Workflow] Form removed (LS-poly 8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><!-- Height Parameters Header --><tr class="section-header"><td colspan="4">Height Parameters</td></tr><!-- Height Parameter Rows --><tr><td class="param-code">Sq</td><td>2.433</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza quadratica media</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Ssk</td><td>-0.102</td><td> </td><td>Skewness</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Cod</td><td>3.715</td><td> </td><td>Curtosi</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sp</td><td>18.861</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza massima del picco</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sv</td><td>16.553</td><td>µm</td><td>Maximum pit depth</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sz</td><td>35.414</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza massima</td></tr><tr><td class="param-code">Sa</td><td>1.888</td><td>µm</td><td>Altezza media aritmetica</td></tr></tbody></table></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="117" data-end="216">The average surface roughness Sa is 1.888 µm, while the peak-to-valley height Sz reaches 35.414 µm.</p><p data-start="218" data-end="295">A 3D surface rendering of the filtered area is shown below for visualization.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="892" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-roughness-3d-render-iso-filtered.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26129" alt="3D rendering of ISO 25178 filtered tooth surface roughness" />															</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af84ca9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="af84ca9" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Roughness Analysis (Profiles)</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Surface roughness profiles were measured using a series of 11 parallel line scans along the X direction on the side of the tooth. The false-color 2D surface map of the raw scan is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-raw-scan-2d-map.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26143" alt="False-color 2D raw scan of tooth surface for line roughness profiles" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The surface form was removed using a least-squares 8-degree polynomial prior to applying the metrological filters, leaving the residual surface shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1298" height="517" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-residual-after-form-removal.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26144" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">A statistical analysis of the measured surface roughness profiles reveals the following line roughness parameters.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1670" height="606" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-line-roughness-profile-overlay-analysis.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26148" alt="Overlay of multiple tooth surface roughness profiles for statistical analysis" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">5.683</td><td class="center">0.761</td><td class="center">4.315</td><td class="center">6.610</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">6.242</td><td class="center">1.009</td><td class="center">4.701</td><td class="center">8.438</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">11.925</td><td class="center">1.676</td><td class="center">9.123</td><td class="center">15.048</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.063</td><td class="center">0.297</td><td class="center">1.710</td><td class="center">2.629</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">2.523</td><td class="center">0.361</td><td class="center">2.057</td><td class="center">3.175</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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									<p data-start="184" data-end="276">The value of Ra is consistent with the Sa value extracted from the surface area measurement.</p><p data-start="278" data-end="659">Different metrological filters can be applied to distinguish between macroscopic waviness and microscopic surface roughness. For example, a coarser filter cut-off, such as the 8 mm cut-off used with the Robust Gaussian order-2 filter, produces a smoother waviness profile (red) that is less sensitive to sharp local variations and follows the original surface profile more loosely.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1855" height="800" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-waviness-vs-roughness-filter-comparison.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26158" alt="Comparison of waviness and roughness profiles on tooth surface using coarse filter" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Alternatively, a finer cut-off (e.g., 0.08 mm) enables the analysis of micro-roughness by removing the waviness component that follows the original profile at a larger scale, leaving the finer surface roughness features of the tooth visible.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1853" height="790" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-profile-filtering.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26159" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The microroughness analysis obtained using a 0.08 mm L-Gaussian filter is presented below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="431" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-surface-microroughness-final-profile.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26160" alt="Final microroughness profile of tooth surface after filtering" />															</div>
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									<div class="iso-profile-wrapper"><p><!-- Desktop / wide screens --></p><table class="iso-profile-table iso-profile-desktop"><colgroup> <col class="col-code" /> <col class="col-unit" /> <col class="col-desc" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> <col class="col-num" /> </colgroup><tbody><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.08 mm</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-meta"><td colspan="7"><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (37)</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-section"><td colspan="7">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</td></tr><tr class="iso-profile-header"><th class="center"> </th><th class="center"> </th><th>Description</th><th class="center">Mean</th><th class="center">Std dev</th><th class="center">Min</th><th class="center">Max</th></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rp</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.582</td><td class="center">0.122</td><td class="center">1.342</td><td class="center">1.748</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rv</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">1.466</td><td class="center">0.119</td><td class="center">1.254</td><td class="center">1.661</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rz</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</td><td class="center">3.049</td><td class="center">0.196</td><td class="center">2.820</td><td class="center">3.409</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Ra</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.495</td><td class="center">0.047</td><td class="center">0.423</td><td class="center">0.597</td></tr><tr><td class="iso-profile-code">Rq</td><td class="iso-profile-unit">µm</td><td class="iso-profile-desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</td><td class="center">0.643</td><td class="center">0.056</td><td class="center">0.562</td><td class="center">0.762</td></tr></tbody></table><p><!-- Mobile / tablet stacked cards --></p><div class="iso-profile-mobile"><div class="iso-profile-card-head">ISO 4287 – Roughness (S-L)</div><div class="iso-profile-meta-block"><div><strong>F:</strong> Nessuno</div><div><strong>S-filter (λs):</strong> Gaussian, 2.5 µm</div><div><strong>L-filter (λc):</strong> Gaussian, 0.8 mm</div><div><strong>Evaluation length:</strong> All λc (3)</div></div><div class="iso-profile-card-section">Amplitude Parameters – Roughness Profile</div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rp</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum peak height of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>5.683</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.761</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.315</strong></div><div>Max<strong>6.610</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rv</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum valley depth of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>6.242</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.009</strong></div><div>Min<strong>4.701</strong></div><div>Max<strong>8.438</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rz</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Maximum height of roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>11.925</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>1.676</strong></div><div>Min<strong>9.123</strong></div><div>Max<strong>15.048</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Ra</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.063</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.297</strong></div><div>Min<strong>1.710</strong></div><div>Max<strong>2.629</strong></div></div></div><div class="iso-profile-card"><div class="iso-profile-card-title"><span class="badge">Rq</span><span class="unit">µm</span></div><div class="desc">Root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the roughness profile</div><div class="grid"><div>Mean<strong>2.523</strong></div><div>Std dev<strong>0.361</strong></div><div>Min<strong>2.057</strong></div><div>Max<strong>3.175</strong></div></div></div></div></div>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Full 3D Tooth Surface Topography Reconstruction</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">The extended Z-scan range of the PS5 optical sensor enables high-fidelity scanning of the entire tooth crown surface. The resulting 3D surface topography is shown below.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="469" height="348" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/tooth-crown-surface-topography-3d-optical-profilometry.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26172" alt="False-color surface topography map of full tooth crown measured with optical profilometer" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">2D VIEW: </span>2D surface map of the tooth crown measured with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1200" height="930" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/molar-crown-3d-surface-reconstruction-profilometer.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-26173" alt="3D surface reconstruction of molar crown from optical profilometer scan" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">3D VIEW: </span>High-fidelity 3D rendering of the molar crown surface obtained with optical profilometry</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="401" data-end="560">In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness and 3D surface topography of an adult human molar.</p><p data-start="562" data-end="922">Both the area scan and the line profile analysis revealed a roughness Rq of approximately 2.5 µm and an Ra of about 1.9–2.0 µm. These values are consistent with results reported in the literature.³ The use of a narrower L-Gaussian filter with an 80 µm cut-off enabled further investigation of micro-roughness, revealing an Rq of 0.643 µm and an Ra of 0.495 µm.</p><p data-start="924" data-end="1270">The full 3D surface topography of the molar crown was reconstructed with high fidelity. The high measurement resolution allows detection of fine surface features and crevices. The resulting surface data can be easily processed and exported as STL files, enabling the design and fabrication of customized dental devices and restorative components.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Riferimenti</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843"><em>[1] Shin, B.W., et al. Surface Roughness of Prefabricated Pediatric Zirconia Crowns Following Simulated Toothbrushing. Pediatric Dentistry 44.5 (2022): 363–367.</em><br /><em>[2] Bollen, C.M.L., Paul Lambrechts, and Marc Quirynen. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dental Materials 13.4 (1997): 258–269.</em><br /><em>[3] Suputtamongkol, K., et al. Surface roughness resulting from wear of lithia-disilicate-based posterior crowns. Wear 269.3–4 (2010): 317–322.</em></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Frequently Asked Questions About Dental Surface Roughness Measurement</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What is dental surface roughness measurement?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Dental surface roughness measurement quantifies the microscopic texture of tooth surfaces using parameters such as Ra, Rq, and Sa. Optical profilometers measure these features without contacting the surface, allowing accurate analysis of enamel, restorative materials, and dental crowns.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why use optical profilometry to measure tooth roughness?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Optical profilometry provides non-contact surface measurement with nanometer-scale vertical resolution. It captures 2D surface maps and full 3D surface topography of dental structures without damaging soft or polished surfaces.</p>								</div>
				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">What roughness parameters are used for dental surface analysis?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Common roughness parameters include Ra (arithmetic mean roughness), Rq (root mean square roughness), Sa (areal roughness), and Sz (maximum surface height). These parameters help evaluate enamel wear, plaque adhesion risk, and the performance of restorative materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Why is surface roughness important in dentistry?</h3>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1d77659 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1d77659" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Surface roughness affects plaque retention, wear resistance, and the long-term performance of dental restorations. Controlling micro-roughness can reduce bacterial adhesion and improve the durability of dental materials.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Need Reliable Surface Roughness Measurement for Dental Materials?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/dental-surface-roughness-measurement-3d-tooth-topography/">Dental Surface Roughness Measurement &#038; 3D Tooth Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Test di resistenza ai graffi dei protettori dello schermo del telefono</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/test-di-resistenza-ai-graffi-delle-protezioni-per-schermi-dei-telefoni/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=scratch-resistance-testing-of-phone-screen-protectors</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/test-di-resistenza-ai-graffi-delle-protezioni-per-schermi-dei-telefoni/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Wed, 12 Nov 2025 17:42:04 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Fracture Toughness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mechanical Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scratch Testing | Cohesive Failure]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=25222</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Scratch Resistance Testing of Phone Screen Protectors Prepared by Stacey Pereira, Jocelyn Esparza, and Pierre Leroux Understanding Scratch Resistance in Phone Screen Protectors Protective coatings on phone screens play a critical role in scratch resistance, adhesion strength, and long-term durability. Over time, scratches, micro-cracks, and coating delamination can reduce optical clarity and reliability — especially [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/test-di-resistenza-ai-graffi-delle-protezioni-per-schermi-dei-telefoni/">Scratch Resistance Testing of Phone Screen Protectors</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="25222" class="elementor elementor-25222" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Test di resistenza ai graffi dei protettori dello schermo del telefono</h1>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/cracked-phone-screen-protector-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25259" alt="" />															</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</p>				</div>
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					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Stacey Pereira, Jocelyn Esparza e Pierre Leroux</p>				</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5911d1 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b5911d1" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Comprendere la resistenza ai graffi nelle protezioni per lo schermo dei telefoni</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-99f95f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="99f95f0" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="327" data-end="820">I rivestimenti protettivi sugli schermi dei telefoni svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nella resistenza ai graffi, nella forza di adesione e nella durata a lungo termine. Nel tempo, graffi, microfessurazioni e delaminazione del rivestimento possono ridurre la chiarezza ottica e l'affidabilità, specialmente in ambienti ad alto utilizzo. Per valutare la resistenza dei diversi proteggi schermo ai danni meccanici, i test di resistenza ai graffi strumentati forniscono informazioni quantificabili sui meccanismi di rottura del rivestimento, tra cui l'adesione, la coesione e il comportamento alla frattura.</p><p data-start="822" data-end="1136">In questo studio, <a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">Tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000</a> viene utilizzato per confrontare le protezioni per schermi in TPU e quelle in vetro temperato sottoposte a un carico progressivo controllato. Grazie a un preciso rilevamento delle emissioni acustiche, identifichiamo i carichi critici di rottura e caratterizziamo il modo in cui ciascun materiale risponde all'aumento dello stress meccanico.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Perché i test di resistenza ai graffi sono importanti per le protezioni per schermi</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aae756f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="aae756f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">Molti utenti ritengono che i protettori più spessi o più duri offrano automaticamente prestazioni migliori, ma la reale durata dipende dal comportamento del materiale sotto carico progressivo, deformazione superficiale e sollecitazioni localizzate. I test strumentali di resistenza ai graffi consentono agli ingegneri di misurare l'adesione del rivestimento, la forza coesiva, la resistenza all'usura superficiale e i carichi esatti ai quali si verificano o si propagano i guasti.</p><p data-start="1622" data-end="1964">Analizzando i punti di inizio delle crepe, il comportamento di delaminazione e le modalità di rottura, i produttori possono convalidare le prestazioni delle protezioni per schermi per la ricerca e lo sviluppo, il controllo qualità o il benchmarking comparativo. I test sui nano- e micro-graffi offrono informazioni ripetibili e basate sui dati sulla durata reale, ben oltre i tradizionali indici di durezza.</p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per saperne di più <a class="decorated-link cursor-pointer" href="https://nanovea.com/nanoindentation-and-scratch-testing-lab-services/" target="_new" rel="noopener" data-start="2047" data-end="2121">servizi di test di resistenza ai graffi e all'adesione per rivestimenti e protezioni per schermi.</a></em></p>								</div>
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		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6911f48 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="6911f48" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Obiettivo del test di scratch: <br>Misurazione dei carichi di rottura nei protettori per schermi</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1fb52d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1fb52d9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="1702" data-end="2144">L'obiettivo di questo studio è dimostrare come il tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000 esegua test di resistenza ai graffi ripetibili e standardizzati su protezioni per schermi sia in polimero che in vetro. Aumentando progressivamente il carico applicato, il sistema rileva i carichi critici per il cedimento coesivo e adesivo, cattura i segnali di emissione acustica e correla questi eventi con la profondità del graffio, la forza di attrito e la deformazione superficiale.</p><p data-start="2146" data-end="2656">Questa metodologia fornisce un profilo meccanico completo di ogni rivestimento protettivo, consentendo ai produttori e ai team di ricerca e sviluppo di valutare le formulazioni dei materiali, la forza di adesione del rivestimento, la durata della superficie e lo spessore ottimale del rivestimento per migliorare le prestazioni del prodotto. Queste valutazioni dei graffi fanno parte della più ampia suite di NANOVEA. <a href="https://nanovea.com/mechanical-testers/">soluzioni per prove meccaniche</a> utilizzato per caratterizzare rivestimenti, pellicole e substrati in ambienti di ricerca e sviluppo, controllo qualità e produzione.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #1b96cf;">PB1000 Piattaforma grande</span><br />Collaudatore meccanico</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/NANOVEA-Scratch-Tester-amd-Nanoindentation.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-22859" alt="NANOVEA SCRATCH TESTER: TEST DI USURA DEL RIVESTIMENTO IN PTFE" />								</a>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f6bb8a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f6bb8a6" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Parametri del test scratch e configurazione dello strumento</h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c8986c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c8986c9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="1228" data-end="1620">La valutazione della resistenza ai graffi delle protezioni per schermi in TPU e vetro temperato è stata condotta in condizioni controllate per garantire la ripetibilità e l'accuratezza del rilevamento del carico di rottura. I seguenti parametri definiscono la configurazione del test di resistenza ai graffi con carico progressivo utilizzato sul tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000.</p>								</div>
				</div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50.0898%; padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">TIPO DI CARICO</td>
<td style="width: 49.9102%; padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">PROGRESSIVO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">CARICO INIZIALE</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">0,1 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">CARICO FINALE</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">12 N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">VELOCITÀ DI SCORRIMENTO</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">3,025 mm/min</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">DISTANZA DI SCORRIMENTO</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">3 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">GEOMETRIA DEL PENETRATORE</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">ROCKWELL (CONE A 120°)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">MATERIALE DEL PUNTA (PUNTA)</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">DIAMANTE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">RAGGIO DELLA PUNTA DEL PENETRATORE</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">50 µm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">ATMOSFERA</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">ARIA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; width: 50.0898%; text-align: left;">TEMPERATURA</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; width: 49.9102%; text-align: right;">24 °C (TEMPERATURA AMBIENTE)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> <span class="fontstyle0">Parametri di prova utilizzati per il test di resistenza ai graffi</span> <br /></span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ebcc74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="ebcc74a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="658" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-mechanical-tester-screen-protector-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25228" alt="Campione di protezione per schermo sottoposto a test di resistenza ai graffi sul tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8e1a70e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="8e1a70e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Campione di protezione per schermo montato sul tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000 durante la misurazione della resistenza ai graffi con carico progressivo.</p>								</div>
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		</section>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Campioni di protezioni per schermi utilizzati per i test di resistenza ai graffi</h2>				</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-76e6903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="76e6903" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="339" data-end="686">Sono stati selezionati due materiali protettivi per schermi disponibili in commercio per confrontare le differenze in termini di resistenza ai graffi, comportamento in caso di rottura e durata meccanica. Entrambi i campioni sono stati montati in modo sicuro sul tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000 e valutati in condizioni di carico progressivo identiche per garantire un confronto coerente e imparziale.</p><p data-start="688" data-end="1108">La protezione per schermo in TPU è costituita da una pellicola polimerica flessibile con elevata elasticità ma minore resistenza all'abrasione, mentre la protezione in vetro temperato è costituita da un materiale rigido e fragile progettato per garantire un'elevata durezza e una maggiore protezione dagli urti. Testare entrambi i materiali con lo stesso profilo di carico consente di valutare chiaramente in che modo la composizione, l'elasticità e la durezza dei materiali influenzano le modalità di rottura da graffio.</p>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>Protezione per schermo in TPU</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-576b237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="576b237" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="188" height="300" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-tpu-screen-protector-sample-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25234" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Vetro temperato</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="188" height="300" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/nanovea-tempered-glass-screen-protector-sample-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-25233" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 1:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Protezioni per schermo in TPU e vetro temperato preparate per il test di resistenza ai graffi.<br /></span></p>								</div>
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				</div>
					</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f91f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="55f91f5" data-element_type="section">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Risultati dei test di resistenza ai graffi: modalità di rottura delle protezioni per schermo in TPU rispetto a quelle in vetro temperato</h2>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-402f283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="402f283" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 75%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;"><tbody><tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><td style="padding: 8px;">TIPO DI PROTETTORE PER SCHERMO</td><td style="padding: 8px;">CARICO CRITICO #1 (N)</td><td style="padding: 8px;">CARICO CRITICO #2 (N)</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">TPU</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">n/a</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">2,004 ± 0,063</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">VETRO TEMPERATO</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3,608 ± 0,281</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">7,44 ± 0,995</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a483c12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a483c12" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 2:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Riepilogo dei carichi critici per ciascun campione di protezione per schermo.</span></p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1be118e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1be118e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<p data-start="548" data-end="837">Poiché le protezioni per schermi in TPU e vetro temperato hanno proprietà meccaniche fondamentalmente diverse, ciascun campione ha mostrato modalità di rottura e soglie di carico critico distinte durante il test di resistenza ai graffi con carico progressivo. La tabella 2 riassume i carichi critici misurati per ciascun materiale.</p><p data-start="839" data-end="1181">Il carico critico #1 rappresenta il primo punto osservabile di rottura coesiva al microscopio ottico, come l'inizio di una crepa o una frattura radiale.</p><p data-start="839" data-end="1181">Il carico critico #2 corrisponde al primo evento importante rilevato tramite il monitoraggio delle emissioni acustiche (AE), che in genere rappresenta un guasto strutturale più grave o un evento di penetrazione.</p><h3 data-start="1188" data-end="1246"><strong data-start="1192" data-end="1244">Protezione per schermo in TPU — Comportamento dei polimeri flessibili</strong></h3><p data-start="1247" data-end="1487">La protezione per schermo in TPU ha mostrato un solo evento critico significativo (carico critico #2). Questo carico corrisponde al punto lungo la traccia del graffio in cui la pellicola ha iniziato a sollevarsi, staccarsi o delaminarsi dalla superficie dello schermo del telefono.</p><p data-start="1489" data-end="1789">Una volta superato il carico critico #2 (≈2,00 N), il penetratore ha penetrato sufficientemente da causare un graffio visibile direttamente sullo schermo del telefono per il resto del test. Non è stato rilevabile alcun evento separato di carico critico #1, in linea con l'elevata elasticità e la minore resistenza coesiva del materiale.</p><h3 data-start="1796" data-end="1864"><strong data-start="1800" data-end="1862">Protezione per schermo in vetro temperato — Comportamento di rottura fragile</strong></h3><p data-start="1865" data-end="1977">La protezione per schermo in vetro temperato ha mostrato due carichi critici distinti, caratteristici dei materiali fragili:</p><ul data-start="1979" data-end="2284"><li data-start="1979" data-end="2142"><p data-start="1981" data-end="2142">Carico critico #1 (≈3,61 N): al microscopio sono state osservate fratture radiali e la formazione di crepe, che indicano un cedimento precoce della coesione dello strato di vetro.</p></li><li data-start="2143" data-end="2284"><p data-start="2145" data-end="2284">Carico critico #2 (≈7,44 N): un forte picco AE e un brusco aumento della profondità del graffio hanno indicato la penetrazione del protettore a carichi più elevati.</p></li></ul><p data-start="2286" data-end="2495">Sebbene la magnitudo AE fosse superiore a quella del TPU, non sono stati riscontrati danni allo schermo del telefono, dimostrando la capacità della protezione in vetro temperato di assorbire e distribuire il carico prima di un guasto catastrofico.</p><p data-start="2497" data-end="2665">In entrambi i materiali, il carico critico #2 corrispondeva al momento in cui il penetratore ha sfondato la protezione dello schermo, confermando il limite protettivo di ciascun campione.</p>								</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b58c652 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b58c652" data-element_type="section">
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Protezione per schermo in TPU: dati relativi al test di resistenza ai graffi e analisi dei guasti</h3>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f785bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5f785bc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;"><tbody><tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><td style="padding: 8px;">SCRATCH</td><td style="padding: 8px;">CARICO CRITICO #2 (N)</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.033</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.047</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1.931</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">MEDIA</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2.003</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">DEVIAZIONE STANDARD</td><td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.052</td></tr></tbody></table>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Carichi critici misurati durante il test di resistenza ai graffi della protezione per schermo in TPU.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="453" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-scratch-test-friction-normal-force-acoustic-emission-depth.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25239" alt="Grafico che mostra l&#039;attrito, la forza normale, le emissioni acustiche e la profondità in funzione della lunghezza del graffio per la protezione per schermo in TPU testata sul tester meccanico NANOVEA." />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 2:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Forza di attrito, carico normale, emissione acustica (AE) e profondità del graffio rispetto alla lunghezza del graffio per la protezione per schermo in TPU. <span class="fontstyle0">(B) Carico critico #2</span><br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-microscopy-critical-load-2-scratch-test.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25240" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 3:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Immagine al microscopio ottico della protezione per schermo in TPU al carico critico #2 (ingrandimento 5×; larghezza immagine 0,8934 mm).<br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="256" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tpu-screen-protector-post-scratch-test-full-length-image.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25241" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Immagine completa dell'ammaccatura sulla protezione per schermo in TPU che mostra il segno completo lasciato dal graffio dopo il test di carico progressivo.</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"><br /></span></p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Protezione per schermo in vetro temperato: dati critici sul carico e comportamento alla frattura</h3>				</div>
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									<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto; border: none;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #1b96cf; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
<td style="padding: 8px;">SCRATCH</td>
<td style="padding: 8px;">CARICO CRITICO #1 (N)</td>
<td style="padding: 8px;">CARICO CRITICO #2 (N)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.923</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">7.366</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.382</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">6.483</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.519</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">8.468</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">MEDIA</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">3.653</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">6.925</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; color: #1b96cf; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">DEVIAZIONE STANDARD</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.383</td>
<td style="padding: 6px 8px; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">0.624</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">TABELLA 4:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Carichi critici misurati durante il test di resistenza ai graffi delle protezioni per schermo in vetro temperato.</span></p>								</div>
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									<p>ℹ️<em data-start="1410" data-end="1468"> Per un confronto con i rivestimenti polimerici non silicatici, consultare il nostro studio su <a href="https://nanovea.com/ptfe-coating-wear-test/">Prova di resistenza all'usura del rivestimento in PTFE</a>, che evidenzia il comportamento di rottura nei film polimerici a basso attrito in condizioni di carico progressivo simili.</em></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="453" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-scratch-test-friction-normal-force-acoustic-emission-depth.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25242" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 5:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Forza di attrito, carico normale, emissione acustica (AE) e profondità del graffio rispetto alla lunghezza del graffio per la protezione dello schermo in vetro temperato. <span class="fontstyle0">(A) Carico critico #1  (B) Carico critico #2</span><br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="380" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-microscopy-critical-load-1-and-2.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25243" alt="Immagini al microscopio ottico che mostrano i punti di rottura del carico critico #1 e del carico critico #2 su una protezione per schermo in vetro temperato durante il test di resistenza ai graffi con ingrandimento 5x utilizzando il tester meccanico NANOVEA." />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 6:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Immagini al microscopio ottico che mostrano i punti di rottura per il carico critico #1 (a sinistra) e il carico critico #2 (a destra) con ingrandimento 5× (larghezza dell'immagine: 0,8934 mm).<br /></span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="252" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/tempered-glass-screen-protector-post-scratch-test-microscopy-critical-load-1-and-2.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-25244" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #1b96cf;">FIGURA 7:</span><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #000000;"> Immagine al microscopio ottico post-test della traccia di graffio sul vetro temperato, che evidenzia l'inizio della frattura (CL#1) e la zona di penetrazione finale (CL#2) dopo il test di carico progressivo.<br /></span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Conclusione: confronto delle prestazioni di resistenza ai graffi tra protezioni per schermo in TPU e in vetro temperato</h2>				</div>
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									<p data-start="414" data-end="843">Questo studio dimostra come il tester meccanico NANOVEA PB1000 fornisca misurazioni della resistenza ai graffi controllate, ripetibili e altamente sensibili utilizzando il carico progressivo e il rilevamento delle emissioni acustiche (AE). Catturando con precisione sia gli eventi di rottura coesiva che quelli di rottura adesiva, il sistema consente un chiaro confronto tra il comportamento dei protettori per schermi in TPU e quelli in vetro temperato sotto stress meccanico crescente.</p><p data-start="845" data-end="1188">I risultati sperimentali confermano che il vetro temperato presenta carichi critici significativamente più elevati rispetto al TPU, offrendo una resistenza ai graffi superiore, un ritardo nell'inizio della frattura e una protezione affidabile contro la penetrazione dell'indentatore. La minore forza coesiva e la delaminazione precoce del TPU evidenziano i suoi limiti in ambienti sottoposti a sollecitazioni elevate.</p><p data-start="845" data-end="1188">Dopo aver identificato i carichi di rottura, è possibile analizzare anche le tracce di graffi risultanti utilizzando un <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">profilometro ottico 3D senza contatto</a> per misurare la profondità della scanalatura, la deformazione residua e la topografia post-graffio. Ciò contribuisce a completare il profilo meccanico di ciascun materiale.</p><p data-start="1190" data-end="1564">Il tester meccanico NANOVEA è progettato per eseguire test accurati e ripetibili di indentazione, graffio e usura e supporta moduli nano e micro conformi alle norme ISO e ASTM. La sua versatilità lo rende una soluzione ideale per valutare il profilo meccanico completo di film sottili, rivestimenti, polimeri, vetri e substrati in ambito di ricerca e sviluppo, produzione e controllo qualità.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Domande frequenti <br> Informazioni sui test di resistenza ai graffi</h2>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Che cos'è il test di resistenza ai graffi?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Il test di resistenza ai graffi valuta la risposta di un materiale o di un rivestimento quando uno stilo diamantato applica un carico progressivamente crescente. Il test identifica i carichi critici in cui si verificano cedimenti coesivi o adesivi, fornendo una misura quantificabile della durata, della forza di adesione e della resistenza ai danni superficiali.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Qual è la differenza tra rottura coesiva e rottura adesiva?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Si verifica un cedimento coesivo <em data-start="840" data-end="848">all'interno di</em> il rivestimento o il materiale, come crepe, strappi o fratture interne.<br data-start="921" data-end="924" />Il fallimento dell'adesivo si verifica quando il rivestimento si stacca dal substrato, indicando una forza di adesione insufficiente.</p><p data-start="168" data-end="494">Il NANOVEA PB1000 rileva entrambi utilizzando il monitoraggio sincronizzato delle emissioni acustiche, il tracciamento della profondità dei graffi e l'analisi dell'attrito.</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Perché utilizzare un tester meccanico invece dei metodi manuali?</h3>				</div>
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									<p data-start="168" data-end="494">Un tester meccanico come il NANOVEA PB1000 fornisce misurazioni precise, ripetibili e standardizzate, garantendo dati affidabili per la ricerca e lo sviluppo, la convalida della produzione e il controllo qualità. Offre inoltre funzionalità avanzate, come il rilevamento delle emissioni acustiche e il monitoraggio della profondità in tempo reale, che i metodi manuali non sono in grado di fornire.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Hai bisogno di test di resistenza ai graffi affidabili per i tuoi materiali?</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">DISCUTETE I VOSTRI TEST CON UN INGEGNERE</span>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">RICHIEDI UN PREVENTIVO PER IL TEST DI RESISTENZA AI GRAFFI</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/test-di-resistenza-ai-graffi-delle-protezioni-per-schermi-dei-telefoni/">Scratch Resistance Testing of Phone Screen Protectors</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Misura dell'usura in situ ad alta temperatura</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/misura-dellusura-in-situ-ad-alta-temperatura/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=in-situ-wear-measurement-at-high-temperature</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/misura-dellusura-in-situ-ad-alta-temperatura/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Tue, 29 Dec 2020 22:20:45 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[High Temperature Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rotational Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tribology Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=10121</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>IN SITU WEAR MEASUREMENT AT HIGH TEMPERATURE USING TRIBOMETER Prepared by Duanjie Li, PhD INTRODUCTION The Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is a type of robust electrical transformer used to measure linear displacement. It has been widely used in a variety of industrial applications, including power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites, nuclear reactors, and many [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/misura-dellusura-in-situ-ad-alta-temperatura/">In Situ Wear Measurement at High Temperature</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="10121" class="elementor elementor-10121" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MISURAZIONE DELL'USURA IN SITU
AD ALTA TEMPERATURA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">UTILIZZANDO IL TRIBOMETRO</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="302" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IN-SITU-WEAR-MEASUREMENT-Aerospace-Tribology.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9629" alt="MISURA DELL&#039;USURA IN-SITU Tribometro aerospaziale" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il trasformatore differenziale variabile lineare (LVDT) è un tipo di trasformatore elettrico robusto utilizzato per misurare lo spostamento lineare. È stato ampiamente utilizzato in una varietà di applicazioni industriali, tra cui turbine di potenza, idraulica, automazione, aerei, satelliti, reattori nucleari e molte altre.</p>
<p>In questo studio presentiamo i componenti aggiuntivi di LVDT e moduli ad alta temperatura di NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">Tribometro</a> che consentono di misurare la variazione della profondità della traccia di usura del campione testato durante il processo di usura a temperature elevate. Ciò consente agli utenti di correlare le diverse fasi del processo di usura con l’evoluzione del COF, che è fondamentale per migliorare la comprensione fondamentale del meccanismo di usura e delle caratteristiche tribologiche dei materiali per applicazioni ad alta temperatura.</p>								</div>
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									<p>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p><i>In questo studio vogliamo illustrare la capacità del Tribometro NANOVEA T50 di monitorare in situ l'evoluzione del processo di usura dei materiali a temperature elevate.</i></p><p><i>Il processo di usura della ceramica di silicato di allumina a diverse temperature viene simulato in modo controllato e monitorato.</i></p>								</div>
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									<p>NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p>T50</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t50/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="705" height="695" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Robust-Tribometer-Nanovea-T50.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9876" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PROCEDURA DI PROVA</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il comportamento tribologico, ad esempio il coefficiente di attrito, COF, e la resistenza all'usura delle piastre ceramiche di silicato di allumina sono stati valutati con il tribometro NANOVEA. Le piastre in ceramica di silicato di allumina sono state riscaldate in un forno da temperatura ambiente (RT) a temperature elevate (400°C e 800°C), seguite da test di usura a tali temperature. </p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">Per confronto, le prove di usura sono state eseguite quando il campione si è raffreddato da 800°C a 400°C e poi a temperatura ambiente. Una punta a sfera di AI2O3 (diametro 6 mm, grado 100) è stata applicata ai campioni testati. La COF, la profondità di usura e la temperatura sono state monitorate in situ.</span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>PARAMETRI DEL TEST</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">della misura pin-on-disk</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="783" height="150" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Test-parameters-of-the-pin-on-disk-measurement-09.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9647" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="461" height="436" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tribometer-Sample-LVDT.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9644" alt="Tribometro LVDT Campione" />															</div>
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									<p>Il tasso di usura, K, è stato valutato utilizzando la formula K=V/(Fxs)=A/(Fxn), dove V è il volume usurato, F è il carico normale, s è la distanza di scorrimento, A è l'area della sezione trasversale della pista di usura e n è il numero di giri. La rugosità superficiale e i profili delle tracce di usura sono stati valutati con il profilatore ottico NANOVEA e la morfologia delle tracce di usura è stata esaminata con un microscopio ottico.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La COF e la profondità della traccia di usura registrate in situ sono mostrate rispettivamente in FIGURA 1 e FIGURA 2. In FIGURA 1, "-I" indica il test eseguito quando la temperatura è stata aumentata da RT a una temperatura elevata. "-D" rappresenta la diminuzione della temperatura a partire da una temperatura elevata di 800°C.</p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">Come mostrato in FIGURA 1, i campioni testati a diverse temperature presentano un COF comparabile di ~0,6 durante tutte le misurazioni. Un COF così elevato porta a un processo di usura accelerato che crea una quantità sostanziale di detriti. La profondità della traccia di usura è stata monitorata durante le prove di usura mediante LVDT, come illustrato in FIGURA 2. I test eseguiti a temperatura ambiente prima del riscaldamento del campione e dopo il raffreddamento del campione mostrano che la piastra in ceramica di silicato di allumina mostra un processo di usura progressivo a RT, la profondità della traccia di usura aumenta gradualmente durante il test di usura fino a ~170 e ~150 μm, rispettivamente. </span></p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">In confronto, le prove di usura a temperature elevate (400°C e 800°C) mostrano un comportamento diverso: la profondità della traccia di usura aumenta rapidamente all'inizio del processo di usura e rallenta con il proseguire della prova. Le profondità delle tracce di usura per le prove eseguite alle temperature di 400°C-I, 800°C e 400°C-D sono rispettivamente di ~140, ~350 e ~210 μm.</span></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="785" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Coefficient-of-Friction-during-pin-on-desk-Tests-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9954" alt="COF durante i test pin-on-desk a diverse temperature" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>FIGURA 1. </i></b>
<span>Coefficiente di attrito durante i test pin-on-disk a diverse temperature</span></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="799" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Evolution-of-wear-track-depth-of-the-alumina-silicate-ceramic-plate-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9955" alt="Profondità della traccia di usura della piastra ceramica di silicato di allumina a diverse temperature" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>FIGURA 2. </i></b>
<span>Evoluzione della profondità della traccia di usura della piastra ceramica di silicato di allumina a diverse temperature</span> 
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									<p>La velocità media di usura e la profondità della traccia di usura delle piastre ceramiche di silicato di allumina a diverse temperature sono state misurate utilizzando <b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> Optical Profiler come riassunto in <b><i>FIGURA 3</i></b>. La profondità della traccia di usura è in accordo con quella registrata con LVDT. La piastra in ceramica di silicato di allumina mostra un tasso di usura sostanzialmente aumentato, pari a ~0,5 mm3/Nm a 800°C, rispetto ai tassi di usura inferiori a 0,2mm3/N a temperature inferiori a 400°C. La piastra in ceramica di silicato di allumina non mostra proprietà meccaniche/tribologiche significativamente migliorate dopo il breve processo di riscaldamento, possedendo un tasso di usura comparabile prima e dopo il trattamento termico.</p><p><span style="color: var( --e-global-color-text );">La ceramica di silicato di allumina, nota anche come pietra lavica e pietra delle meraviglie, è morbida e lavorabile prima del trattamento termico. Un lungo processo di cottura a temperature elevate, fino a 1093°C, può aumentarne sostanzialmente la durezza e la resistenza, dopodiché è necessaria la lavorazione al diamante. Questa caratteristica unica rende la ceramica di silicato di allumina un materiale ideale per la scultura.</span></p><p>In questo studio, dimostriamo che il trattamento termico a una temperatura inferiore a quella richiesta per la cottura (800°C contro 1093°C) in tempi brevi non migliora le caratteristiche meccaniche e tribologiche della ceramica di silicato di allumina, rendendo la corretta cottura un processo essenziale per questo materiale prima del suo utilizzo nelle applicazioni reali.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1687" height="1211" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Wear-rate-and-wear-track-depth-of-the-sample-at-different-temperatures.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9962" alt="Tasso di usura e profondità della traccia di usura del campione a diverse temperature 1" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>FIGURA 3. </i></b>
Tasso di usura e profondità della traccia di usura del campione a diverse temperature</h2>				</div>
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				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a218831 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a218831" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Sulla base dell'analisi tribologica completa di questo studio, dimostriamo che la piastra in ceramica di silicato di allumina presenta un coefficiente di attrito comparabile a diverse temperature, dalla temperatura ambiente a 800°C. Tuttavia, mostra un tasso di usura sostanzialmente aumentato, pari a ~0,5 mm3/Nm a 800°C, dimostrando l'importanza di un adeguato trattamento termico di questa ceramica.</p><p>I tribometri NANOVEA sono in grado di valutare le proprietà tribologiche dei materiali per applicazioni ad alte temperature, fino a 1000°C. La funzione di misurazione in situ della COF e della profondità della traccia di usura consente agli utenti di correlare le diverse fasi del processo di usura con l'evoluzione della COF, che è fondamentale per migliorare la comprensione fondamentale del meccanismo di usura e delle caratteristiche tribologiche dei materiali utilizzati a temperature elevate.</p>								</div>
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									<p>I tribometri NANOVEA offrono test di usura e attrito precisi e ripetibili utilizzando modalità rotative e lineari conformi alle norme ISO e ASTM, con moduli opzionali per l'usura ad alta temperatura, la lubrificazione e la tribocorrosione disponibili in un unico sistema pre-integrato. La gamma impareggiabile di NANOVEA è la soluzione ideale per determinare l'intera gamma di proprietà tribologiche di rivestimenti, film e substrati sottili o spessi, morbidi o duri.</p><p>Sono disponibili profilatori 3D senza contatto opzionali per l'acquisizione di immagini 3D ad alta risoluzione delle tracce di usura, oltre ad altre misure di superficie come la rugosità.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="546" height="308" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IN-SITU-WEAR-MEASUREMENT-1-1.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9973" alt="MISURA DELL&#039;USURA IN SITU" />															</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/misura-dellusura-in-situ-ad-alta-temperatura/">In Situ Wear Measurement at High Temperature</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Analisi della superficie delle scaglie di pesce mediante profilatore ottico 3D</title>
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					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-a-scala-di-pesce-con-un-profilatore-ottico-3d/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Tue, 29 Dec 2020 02:56:37 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Roughness and Finish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Step Height and Thickness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Volume and Area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=10003</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Analisi della superficie delle scaglie di pesce con il profilatore ottico 3D Per saperne di più</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-a-scala-di-pesce-con-un-profilatore-ottico-3d/">Fish Scale Surface Analysis Using 3D Optical Profiler</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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									<p>Analisi della superficie delle scaglie di pesce mediante profilatore ottico 3D</p><p>Per saperne di più</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ANALISI DELLA SUPERFICIE DELLE SCAGLIE DI PESCE</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">utilizzando il PROFILATORE OTTICO 3D</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="290" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometry-08.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-10005" alt="Profilometro a squame di pesce" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Andrea Novitsky</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La morfologia, i modelli e altre caratteristiche di una squama di pesce vengono studiati utilizzando NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilatore ottico 3D senza contatto</a>. La natura delicata di questo campione biologico, insieme alle sue scanalature molto piccole e ad alto angolo, evidenzia anche l&#039;importanza della tecnica senza contatto del profilatore. I solchi sulla squama sono chiamati circuli, e possono essere studiati per stimare l&#039;età del pesce, e anche per distinguere periodi di diverso ritmo di crescita, simili agli anelli di un albero. Si tratta di informazioni molto importanti per la gestione delle popolazioni ittiche selvatiche al fine di prevenire la pesca eccessiva.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Importanza della profilometria 3D senza contatto per gli studi biologici</h2>				</div>
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									<p>A differenza di altre tecniche come le sonde a contatto o l'interferometria, il profilatore ottico 3D senza contatto, utilizzando il cromatismo assiale, può misurare quasi tutte le superfici. Le dimensioni dei campioni possono variare notevolmente grazie alla messa in scena aperta e non è necessaria alcuna preparazione del campione. Le caratteristiche da nano a macro gamma sono ottenute durante la misurazione del profilo della superficie senza alcuna influenza da parte della riflettività o dell'assorbimento del campione. Lo strumento offre una capacità avanzata di misurare angoli di superficie elevati senza manipolazione dei risultati da parte del software. È possibile misurare facilmente qualsiasi materiale, sia esso trasparente, opaco, speculare, diffusivo, lucido o ruvido. La tecnica offre una capacità ideale, ampia e facile da usare per massimizzare gli studi sulle superfici, insieme ai vantaggi delle capacità combinate 2D e 3D.</p>								</div>
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									<p>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, presentiamo NANOVEA ST400, un profilatore 3D senza contatto con un sensore ad alta velocità, che fornisce un'analisi completa della superficie di una scala.</p><p>Lo strumento è stato utilizzato per scansionare l'intero campione, insieme a una scansione a più alta risoluzione dell'area centrale. Per il confronto è stata misurata anche la rugosità della superficie esterna e interna della scala.</p>								</div>
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									<p>NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p>ST400</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st400/">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Caratterizzazione superficiale 3D e 2D della scala esterna</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La vista 3D e la vista a falsi colori della scala esterna mostrano una struttura complessa simile a un'impronta digitale o agli anelli di un albero. Ciò fornisce agli utenti uno strumento immediato per osservare direttamente la caratterizzazione della superficie della squama da diverse angolazioni. Vengono mostrate diverse altre misure della scala esterna e il confronto tra il lato esterno e quello interno della scala.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="519" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-False-Color.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10009" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="466" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-3D-View.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10010" alt="Profilometro 3D con scansione a scala di pesce" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="687" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometry-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10011" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="430" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-Volume.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10014" alt="Profilometro 3D a scala di pesce" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="340" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Scan-Step-Height.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10015" alt="Profilatore ottico 3D ad altezza di passo per la scansione a scala di pesce" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span>CONFRONTO DELLA RUGOSITÀ SUPERFICIALE</span> <br style="font-style: normal;font-weight: normal;line-height: normal;text-align: -webkit-auto;text-transform: none"></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="424" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-3D-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10016" alt="" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="380" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Fish-Scale-Profilometer-3D-Scan.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10017" alt="Profilometro a scala di pesce Scansione 3D" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione, abbiamo mostrato come il profilatore ottico senza contatto NANOVEA 3D possa caratterizzare una squama di pesce in vari modi. </p><p>Le superfici esterne e interne della squama possono essere facilmente distinte dalla sola rugosità superficiale, con valori di rugosità rispettivamente di 15,92μm e 1,56μm. Inoltre, è possibile ottenere informazioni precise e accurate su una squama di pesce analizzando i solchi, o circoli, sulla superficie esterna della squama. Sono state misurate le distanze delle bande di circoli dal centro focale e l'altezza dei circoli è risultata essere in media di circa 58μm. </p><p>I dati qui riportati rappresentano solo una parte dei calcoli disponibili nel software di analisi.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Avete un'applicazione simile?</h2>				</div>
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									<span class="elementor-button-text">OTTENERE RAPIDAMENTE PREZZI E DETTAGLI</span>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-della-superficie-a-scala-di-pesce-con-un-profilatore-ottico-3d/">Fish Scale Surface Analysis Using 3D Optical Profiler</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Analisi meccanica dinamica (DMA) Sweep di frequenza su polimero</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-dinamico-meccanica-frequenza-sweep-sul-polimero/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=dynamic-mechanical-analysis-frequency-sweep-on-polymer</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-dinamico-meccanica-frequenza-sweep-sul-polimero/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Fri, 13 Nov 2020 00:21:49 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Hardness and Elastic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indentation | Loss and Storage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mechanical Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9335</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>DMA FREQUENCY SWEEP ON POLYMER USING NANOINDENTATION Prepared by Duanjie Li, PhD INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS FREQUENCY SWEEP TEST The changing frequency of the stress often leads to variations in the complex modulus, which is a critical mechanical property of polymers. For example, tires are subjected to cyclical high deformations when vehicles are [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-dinamico-meccanica-frequenza-sweep-sul-polimero/">Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Frequency Sweep on Polymer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9335" class="elementor elementor-9335" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SWEEP DI FREQUENZA DMA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SUL POLIMERO UTILIZZANDO LA NANOINDENTAZIONE</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="282" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DMA-FREQUENCY-SWEEP-on-Polymer-Nanoindentation.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9336" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DELL'ANALISI MECCANICA DINAMICA TEST DI FREQUENZA</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La frequenza variabile dello stress porta spesso a variazioni nel modulo complesso, che è una proprietà meccanica critica dei polimeri. Ad esempio, i pneumatici sono soggetti a elevate deformazioni cicliche quando i veicoli circolano su strada. La frequenza della pressione e della deformazione cambia man mano che l&#039;auto accelera a velocità più elevate. Un tale cambiamento può comportare una variazione delle proprietà viscoelastiche del pneumatico, che sono fattori importanti per le prestazioni dell&#039;auto. È necessario un test affidabile e ripetibile del comportamento viscoelastico dei polimeri a diverse frequenze. Il modulo Nano della NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/mechanical-testers/">Collaudatore meccanico </a>genera un carico sinusoidale mediante un attuatore piezoelettrico ad alta precisione e misura direttamente l&#039;evoluzione della forza e dello spostamento utilizzando cella di carico e condensatore ultrasensibili. La combinazione di facilità di configurazione ed elevata precisione lo rende uno strumento ideale per la scansione della frequenza dell&#039;analisi meccanica dinamica.</p>								</div>
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									<p>I materiali viscoelastici presentano caratteristiche sia viscose che elastiche quando subiscono una deformazione. Le lunghe catene molecolari nei materiali polimerici contribuiscono alle loro proprietà viscoelastiche uniche, ovvero una combinazione delle caratteristiche dei solidi elastici e dei fluidi newtoniani. Le sollecitazioni, la temperatura, la frequenza e altri fattori giocano un ruolo importante nelle proprietà viscoelastiche. L'analisi meccanica dinamica, nota anche come DMA, studia il comportamento viscoelastico e il modulo complesso del materiale applicando una sollecitazione sinusoidale e misurando la variazione della deformazione.</p>								</div>
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									<p>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p><em>In questa applicazione, studiamo le proprietà viscoelastiche di un campione di pneumatico lucidato a diverse frequenze DMA utilizzando il tester meccanico più potente, NANOVEA PB1000, in <a href="https://nanovea.com/nano-indentation-tester/">Nanoindentazione</a> modalità.</em></p>								</div>
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									<p>NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p>PB1000</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/pb1000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="750" height="804" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-PB1000-scratch-test-and-indentation.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9934" alt="nanoindentatore e tester per graffi Nanovea PB1000" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONDIZIONI DI PROVA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">FREQUENZE (Hz):</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>0.1, 1.5, 10, 20</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">TEMPO DI SCORRIMENTO A CIASCUNA FREQUENZA.</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">50 sec</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">TENSIONE DI OSCILLAZIONE</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">0.1 V</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">TENSIONE DI CARICO</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">1 V</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">tipo di penetratore</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Diamante | 100 μm</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tire-Sample-Lab-Testing-DMA.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-9339" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</i></h2>				</div>
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		</section>
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									<p>Lo sweep di frequenza dell'analisi meccanica dinamica al carico massimo consente di misurare in modo rapido e semplice le caratteristiche viscoelastiche del campione a diverse frequenze di carico in un unico test. Lo spostamento di fase e le ampiezze delle onde di carico e di spostamento a diverse frequenze possono essere utilizzati per calcolare una serie di proprietà viscoelastiche fondamentali del materiale, tra cui <i>Modulo di stoccaggio</i>, <i>Modulo di perdita</i> e <i>Abbronzatura (δ)</i> come riassunto nei grafici seguenti. </p><p>Le frequenze di 1, 5, 10 e 20 Hz in questo studio corrispondono a velocità di circa 7, 33, 67 e 134 km all'ora. All'aumentare della frequenza di prova da 0,1 a 20 Hz, si può osservare che sia il modulo di accumulo che il modulo di perdita aumentano progressivamente. Tan (δ) diminuisce da ~0,27 a 0,18 con l'aumento della frequenza da 0,1 a 1 Hz, per poi aumentare gradualmente fino a ~0,55 quando si raggiunge la frequenza di 20 Hz. Lo sweep di frequenza del DMA consente di misurare l'andamento del modulo di accumulo, del modulo di perdita e del Tan (δ), che forniscono informazioni sul movimento dei monomeri e sulla reticolazione, nonché sulla transizione vetrosa dei polimeri. Aumentando la temperatura con una piastra riscaldante durante lo sweep di frequenza, è possibile ottenere un quadro più completo della natura del movimento molecolare in diverse condizioni di test.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>EVOLUZIONE DEL CARICO E DELLA PROFONDITÀ</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>DELL'INTERO SWEEP DI FREQUENZA DMA</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="374" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Load-and-Depth-DMA-Frequency-Sweep.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9352" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>CARICO E PROFONDITÀ vs. TEMPO A DIVERSE FREQUENZE</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="794" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Load-and-Depth-vs-Time-at-DMA-Frequencies.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9353" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>MODULO DI ACCUMULO</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>A DIVERSE FREQUENZE</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="847" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Storage-Modulus-DMA-Frequencies.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9343" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>MODULO DI PERDITA</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>A DIVERSE FREQUENZE</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="868" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Loss-Modulus-DMA-Frequencies.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9344" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>TAN (δ) </i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>A DIVERSE FREQUENZE</i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questo studio, abbiamo dimostrato la capacità del tester meccanico NANOVEA di eseguire il test di analisi meccanica dinamica (frequency sweep) su un campione di pneumatico. Questo test misura le proprietà viscoelastiche del pneumatico a diverse frequenze di sollecitazione. Il pneumatico mostra un aumento del modulo di accumulo e di perdita all'aumentare della frequenza di carico da 0,1 a 20 Hz. Il test fornisce informazioni utili sul comportamento viscoelastico del pneumatico a diverse velocità, essenziali per migliorare le prestazioni dei pneumatici e ottenere una guida più fluida e sicura. Il test DMA frequency sweep può essere eseguito a varie temperature per simulare l'ambiente di lavoro realistico del pneumatico in condizioni climatiche diverse.</p><p>Nel modulo Nano del tester meccanico NANOVEA, l'applicazione del carico con il piezo veloce è indipendente dalla misurazione del carico effettuata da un estensimetro separato ad alta sensibilità. Ciò offre un netto vantaggio durante l'analisi meccanica dinamica, poiché la fase tra profondità e carico viene misurata direttamente dai dati raccolti dal sensore. Il calcolo della fase è diretto e non richiede una modellazione matematica che aggiunge imprecisione alla perdita risultante e al modulo di accumulo. Questo non è il caso di un sistema a bobina.</p><p>In conclusione, la DMA misura il modulo di perdita e di accumulo, il modulo complesso e il Tan (δ) in funzione della profondità di contatto, del tempo e della frequenza. Lo stadio di riscaldamento opzionale consente di determinare la temperatura di transizione di fase dei materiali durante il DMA. I tester meccanici NANOVEA offrono moduli Nano e Micro multifunzione ineguagliabili su un'unica piattaforma. Entrambi i moduli Nano e Micro includono le modalità scratch tester, hardness tester e wear tester, offrendo la più ampia e semplice gamma di test disponibili su un singolo modulo.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/analisi-dinamico-meccanica-frequenza-sweep-sul-polimero/">Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Frequency Sweep on Polymer</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Topografia della lente di Fresnel</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/fresnel-lens-topografia/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fresnel-lens-topography</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Tue, 20 Oct 2020 17:47:43 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Flatness and Warpage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Step Height and Thickness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Texture and Grain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9253</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>FRESNEL LENS TOPOGRAPHYUSING 3D NON-CONTACT OPTICAL PROFILOMETER Prepared by Duanjie Li &#38; Benjamin Mell INTRODUCTION A lens is an optical device of axial symmetry that transmits and refracts light. A simple lens consists of a single optical component for converging or diverging the light. Even though spherical surfaces are not ideal shape for making a lens, they [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/fresnel-lens-topografia/">Fresnel Lens Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9253" class="elementor elementor-9253" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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									<h1 style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 60px; color: #1b96cf; display: block;">TOPOGRAFIA DELLE LENTI DI FRESNEL</span><span style="font-size: 32px; color: #000;">UTILIZZO </span><span style="font-size: 32px;">3D </span><span style="font-size: 32px; font-family: inherit;">PROFILOMETRO OTTICO SENZA CONTATTO</span></h1>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="793" height="224" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Inspection-Lighthouse.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9254" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Preparato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li e Benjamin Mell</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p><span class="fontstyle0">Una lente è un dispositivo ottico a simmetria assiale che trasmette e rifrange la luce. Una lente semplice è costituita da un singolo componente ottico che converge o diverge la luce. Anche se le superfici sferiche non sono la forma ideale per la realizzazione di una lente, sono spesso utilizzate come la forma più semplice che il vetro può assumere per essere molato e lucidato.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Una lente di Fresnel è costituita da una serie di anelli concentrici, che sono parti sottili di una semplice lente con una larghezza di pochi millesimi di pollice. Le lenti di Fresnel hanno un'ampia apertura e una lunghezza focale ridotta, con un design compatto che riduce il peso e il volume del materiale richiesto, rispetto alle lenti convenzionali con le stesse proprietà ottiche. Grazie alla geometria sottile della lente di Fresnel, una quantità molto ridotta di luce viene persa per assorbimento.</span></p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">IMPORTANZA DELLA PROFILOMETRIA 3D SENZA CONTATTO PER L'ISPEZIONE DELLE LENTI FRESNEL</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Le lenti Fresnel sono ampiamente utilizzate nell&#039;industria automobilistica, nei fari, nell&#039;energia solare e nei sistemi di atterraggio ottici per le portaerei. Stampare o stampare le lenti in plastica trasparente può rendere la loro produzione economicamente vantaggiosa. La qualità del servizio delle lenti di Fresnel dipende principalmente dalla precisione e dalla qualità della superficie del loro anello concentrico. A differenza della tecnica del tastatore, NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilatori ottici</a> eseguire misurazioni superficiali 3D senza toccare la superficie, evitando il rischio di realizzare nuovi graffi. La tecnica della luce cromatica è ideale per la scansione precisa di forme complesse, come lenti di diverse geometrie.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">SCHEMA DELLA LENTE DI FRESNEL</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="423" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Schematic-Technical-Drawing.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9263" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>Le lenti Fresnel in plastica trasparente possono essere prodotte per stampaggio o per tranciatura. Un controllo qualità accurato ed efficiente è fondamentale per individuare stampi o timbri di produzione difettosi. Misurando l'altezza e il passo degli anelli concentrici, è possibile individuare le variazioni di produzione confrontando i valori misurati con quelli delle specifiche fornite dal produttore della lente.</p><p>La misurazione precisa del profilo della lente assicura che gli stampi o i timbri siano lavorati correttamente per adattarsi alle specifiche del produttore. Inoltre, lo stampo potrebbe usurarsi progressivamente nel tempo, perdendo la sua forma iniziale. Una deviazione consistente dalle specifiche del produttore della lente è un'indicazione positiva della necessità di sostituire lo stampo.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione presentiamo NANOVEA ST400, un profilatore 3D senza contatto con sensore ad alta velocità, che fornisce un'analisi completa del profilo 3D di un componente ottico dalla forma complessa. Per dimostrare le straordinarie capacità della nostra tecnologia Chromatic Light, l'analisi del contorno viene eseguita su una lente di Fresnel.</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 20pt; color: black;">NANOVEA <span style="font-size: 20pt; color: #1b96cf;">ST400 Area ampia</span><br />Profiler ottico 3D</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/st500">
							<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/3D-Surface-Profilometer-NANOVEA-ST400.png" title="" alt="Profiler di superficie senza contatto NANOVEA 3D" class="elementor-animation-grow" loading="lazy" />								</a>
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									<p><i>La lente Fresnel acrilica da 2,3" x 2,3" utilizzata per questo studio è composta da </i></p><p><i>una serie di anelli concentrici e un complesso profilo a sezione trasversale seghettata. </i></p><p><i>Ha una lunghezza focale di 1,5" e un diametro effettivo di 2,0", </i></p><p><i>125 scanalature per pollice e un indice di rifrazione di 1,49.</i></p>								</div>
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									<p><em>La scansione NANOVEA ST400 della lente di Fresnel mostra un notevole aumento dell'altezza degli anelli concentrici, spostandosi dal centro verso l'esterno.</em></p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="639" height="541" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Scan-Evaluation-Quality-Control.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9271" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">2D COLORE FALSO</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>Rappresentazione dell'altezza</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="797" height="564" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-3D-Scan-Profilometer-Topography.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9272" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">VISTA 3D</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b><i>PROFILO ESTRATTO</i></b></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="297" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-QC-Extracted-Profiler.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9273" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>PICCO E VALLE </i></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><i>Analisi dimensionale del profilo</i></h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="464" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fresnel-Lens-Dimensional-Analysis-of-the-Profile.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9274" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione abbiamo dimostrato che il profilatore ottico senza contatto NANOVEA ST400 misura con precisione la topografia superficiale delle lenti Fresnel. </p><p>Le dimensioni dell'altezza e del passo possono essere determinate con precisione dal complesso profilo dentellato utilizzando il software di analisi NANOVEA. Gli utenti possono controllare efficacemente la qualità degli stampi o dei timbri di produzione confrontando le dimensioni dell'altezza e del passo dell'anello delle lenti prodotte con le specifiche dell'anello ideale.</p><p>I dati qui riportati rappresentano solo una parte dei calcoli disponibili nel software di analisi. </p><p>I profilatori ottici NANOVEA misurano virtualmente qualsiasi superficie in settori quali i semiconduttori, la microelettronica, il solare, le fibre ottiche, l'automotive, l'aerospaziale, la metallurgia, la lavorazione, i rivestimenti, il farmaceutico, il biomedicale, l'ambientale e molti altri.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/fresnel-lens-topografia/">Fresnel Lens Topography</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Ispezione delle parti lavorate</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/ispezione-dei-pezzi-lavorati-2/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=machined-parts-inspection</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/ispezione-dei-pezzi-lavorati-2/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 21:17:54 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Flatness and Warpage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Geometry and Shape]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry | Volume and Area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Profilometry Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9130</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/ispezione-dei-pezzi-lavorati-2/">Machined Parts Inspection</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9130" class="elementor elementor-9130" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PARTI MACCHINE</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">ispezione dal modello CAD utilizzando la profilometria 3D</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Autore:</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Revisionato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Jocelyn Esparza</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="793" height="224" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machined-Parts-Inspection.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9131" alt="Ispezione di parti lavorate con un profilometro" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La domanda di lavorazioni meccaniche di precisione in grado di creare geometrie complesse è in aumento in tutti i settori industriali. Dai settori aerospaziale, medico e automobilistico, agli ingranaggi tecnologici, ai macchinari e agli strumenti musicali, la continua innovazione ed evoluzione spinge le aspettative e gli standard di precisione a nuovi livelli. Di conseguenza, si assiste all'aumento della domanda di tecniche e strumenti di ispezione rigorosi per garantire la massima qualità dei prodotti.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Importanza della profilometria 3D senza contatto per l'ispezione dei pezzi</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il confronto delle proprietà dei pezzi lavorati con i loro modelli CAD è essenziale per verificare le tolleranze e l'aderenza agli standard di produzione. Anche l'ispezione durante il periodo di servizio è cruciale, poiché l'usura dei pezzi potrebbe richiederne la sostituzione. L'identificazione tempestiva di eventuali deviazioni dalle specifiche richieste aiuterà a evitare costose riparazioni, interruzioni della produzione e una reputazione compromessa.</p><p>A differenza della tecnica del tastatore, la NANOVEA <a href="https://nanovea.com/profilometers/">Profilatori ottici</a> eseguire scansioni di superfici 3D senza contatto, consentendo misurazioni rapide, precise e non distruttive di forme complesse con la massima precisione.</p>								</div>
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									<p>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p>In questa applicazione presentiamo NANOVEA HS2000, un profilatore 3D senza contatto con un sensore ad alta velocità, che esegue un'ispezione superficiale completa di dimensioni, raggio e rugosità. </p><p>Il tutto in meno di 40 secondi.</p>								</div>
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									<p>NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p>HS2000</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/hs2000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Nanovea-Optical-Profilometry-HS2000.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9554" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">MODELLO CAD</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Una misura precisa delle dimensioni e della rugosità superficiale del pezzo lavorato è fondamentale per assicurarsi che sia conforme alle specifiche, alle tolleranze e alle finiture superficiali desiderate. Di seguito vengono presentati il modello 3D e il disegno tecnico del pezzo da ispezionare.&nbsp;</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Quality-Control.png" title="" alt="" loading="lazy" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">VISTA A FALSI COLORI</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La vista in falsi colori del modello CAD e la superficie della parte lavorata scansionata sono confrontate in FIGURA 3. La variazione di altezza sulla superficie del campione può essere osservata dal cambiamento di colore.</p><p>Dalla scansione superficiale 3D vengono estratti tre profili 2D, come indicato in FIGURA 2, per verificare ulteriormente la tolleranza dimensionale del pezzo lavorato.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="973" height="1024" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Profilometry.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9137" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONFRONTO TRA PROFILI E RISULTATI</h2>				</div>
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									<p>I profili da 1 a 3 sono mostrati nelle FIGURE da 3 a 5. Il controllo quantitativo delle tolleranze viene effettuato confrontando il profilo misurato con il modello CAD per rispettare i rigorosi standard di produzione. I profili 1 e 2 misurano il raggio di diverse aree del pezzo lavorato curvo. La variazione di altezza del profilo 2 è di 30 µm su una lunghezza di 156 mm, il che soddisfa il requisito di tolleranza di ±125 µm. </p><p>Impostando un valore limite di tolleranza, il software di analisi può determinare automaticamente il superamento o il fallimento del pezzo lavorato.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1651" height="767" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9138" alt="Ispezione di parti di macchine con un profilometro" />															</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="262" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9139" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>La rugosità e l'uniformità della superficie del pezzo lavorato svolgono un ruolo importante nel garantirne la qualità e la funzionalità. La FIGURA 6 mostra l'area della superficie estratta dalla scansione madre del pezzo lavorato, utilizzata per quantificare la finitura superficiale. La rugosità superficiale media (Sa) è stata calcolata pari a 2,31 µm.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="313" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Machine-Parts-Inspection-with-a-Profilometer-3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9140" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONCLUSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>In questo studio abbiamo mostrato come il profilatore senza contatto NANOVEA HS2000, dotato di un sensore ad alta velocità, esegua un'ispezione superficiale completa di dimensioni e rugosità. </p><p>Le scansioni ad alta risoluzione consentono agli utenti di misurare la morfologia dettagliata e le caratteristiche superficiali dei pezzi lavorati e di confrontarli quantitativamente con i loro modelli CAD. Lo strumento è inoltre in grado di rilevare qualsiasi difetto, compresi graffi e cricche. </p><p>L'analisi avanzata dei contorni è uno strumento impareggiabile non solo per determinare se i pezzi lavorati soddisfano le specifiche stabilite, ma anche per valutare i meccanismi di guasto dei componenti usurati.</p><p>I dati qui riportati rappresentano solo una parte dei calcoli possibili con il software di analisi avanzata di cui è dotato ogni profilatore ottico NANOVEA.</p><div> </div>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Avete un'applicazione simile?</h2>				</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/ispezione-dei-pezzi-lavorati-2/">Machined Parts Inspection</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Valutazione dell'usura da sfregamento</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/valutazione-dellusura-dei-tasti/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=fretting-wear-evaluation</link>
					<comments>https://nanovea.com/it/valutazione-dellusura-dei-tasti/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 18:07:09 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linear Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tribology Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=9053</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/valutazione-dellusura-dei-tasti/">Fretting Wear Evaluation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="9053" class="elementor elementor-9053" data-elementor-post-type="post">
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">VALUTAZIONE DELL'USURA DA FRETTING</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="793" height="236" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fretting-Wear-Evaluation-in-Aviation.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-9055" alt="Valutazione dell&#039;usura da fretting nell&#039;aviazione" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Autore:</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Duanjie Li, PhD</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Revisionato da</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Jocelyn Esparza</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="345" height="613" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fretting-Wear-Evaluation-in-Mining-and-Metallurgy.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9056" alt="Valutazione dell&#039;usura da fretting nell&#039;industria mineraria e metallurgica" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">INTRODUZIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il fretting è "uno speciale processo di usura che si verifica nell'area di contatto tra due materiali sotto carico e soggetti a un minimo movimento relativo a causa di vibrazioni o di altre forze". Quando le macchine sono in funzione, le vibrazioni si verificano inevitabilmente nelle giunzioni imbullonate o fissate, tra componenti che non sono destinati a muoversi e in accoppiamenti e cuscinetti oscillanti. L'ampiezza di questi movimenti di scorrimento relativo è spesso dell'ordine dei micrometri o dei millimetri. Questo movimento ripetitivo a bassa ampiezza causa una grave usura meccanica localizzata e il trasferimento di materiale sulla superficie, che può portare a una riduzione dell'efficienza produttiva, delle prestazioni della macchina o addirittura al suo danneggiamento.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Importanza del metodo quantitativo <br>Valutazione dell'usura da sfregamento</h2>				</div>
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									<p>L&#039;usura da sfregamento spesso coinvolge diversi meccanismi di usura complessi che hanno luogo sulla superficie di contatto, tra cui l&#039;abrasione a due corpi, l&#039;adesione e/o l&#039;usura da fatica da sfregamento. Per comprendere il meccanismo dell&#039;usura da sfregamento e selezionare il materiale migliore per la protezione dall&#039;usura da sfregamento, è necessaria una valutazione affidabile e quantitativa dell&#039;usura da sfregamento. Il comportamento all&#039;usura da sfregamento è influenzato in modo significativo dall&#039;ambiente di lavoro, come l&#039;ampiezza dello spostamento, il carico normale, la corrosione, la temperatura, l&#039;umidità e la lubrificazione. Un versatile <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">tribometro </a>in grado di simulare le diverse condizioni di lavoro realistiche sarà ideale per la valutazione dell&#039;usura da sfregamento.</p>								</div>
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									<p><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Steven R. Lampman, Manuale ASM: Volume 19: Fatica e frattura</span><br /><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/693/fretting-wear</span></p>								</div>
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									<p>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</p>								</div>
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									<p>In questo studio abbiamo valutato il comportamento dell'usura da fretting di un campione di acciaio inossidabile SS304 a diverse velocità di oscillazione e temperature per mostrare la capacità di <strong>NANOVEA T50</strong> Il tribometro simula il processo di usura da fretting del metallo in modo controllato e monitorato.</p>								</div>
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									<p>NANOVEA</p>								</div>
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									<p>T50</p>								</div>
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																<a href="https://nanovea.com/instruments/t2000/">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="705" height="695" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Robust-Tribometer-Nanovea-T50.png" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-9876" alt="" />								</a>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">CONDIZIONI DI PROVA</h2>				</div>
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									<p>La resistenza all'usura da fretting di un campione di acciaio inossidabile SS304 è stata valutata da <b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> Tribometro con modulo di usura lineare a rotazione. Come materiale di contrasto è stata utilizzata una sfera di WC (diametro 6 mm). La traccia di usura è stata esaminata utilizzando un <b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> Profilatore 3D senza contatto.&nbsp;</p>
<p>La prova di fretting è stata eseguita a temperatura ambiente (RT) e a 200&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">°</span>C per studiare l'effetto dell'alta temperatura sulla resistenza all'usura da fretting del campione SS304. Una piastra riscaldante sullo stadio del campione ha riscaldato il campione durante la prova di fretting a 200&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(77, 81, 86); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">°</span>C. Il tasso di usura, <b>K</b>è stato valutato con la formula <b>K=V/(F×s)</b>, dove <b>V</b> è il volume consumato, <b>F</b> è il carico normale e <b>s</b> è la distanza di scorrimento.</p>
<p>Si noti che in questo studio è stata utilizzata come esempio una sfera di WC come materiale di contrasto. È possibile applicare qualsiasi materiale solido con forme e finiture superficiali diverse utilizzando un dispositivo personalizzato per simulare la situazione applicativa reale.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PARAMETRI DEL TEST</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">delle misure di usura</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="233" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Test-Parameters-Fretting-Wear.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9058" alt="" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</h2>				</div>
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									<p>Il profilo 3D della pista d'usura consente di determinare direttamente e con precisione la perdita di volume della pista d'usura calcolata con il metodo del <i><b>NANOVEA</b></i> Software di analisi delle montagne. </p><p>Il test di usura reciproca a bassa velocità di 100 giri/min e a temperatura ambiente mostra una piccola traccia di usura di 0,014 mm.<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">³</span>. In confronto, il test di usura da fretting eseguito ad una velocità elevata di 1000 giri/min crea una traccia di usura sostanzialmente più grande, con un volume di 0,12 mm.<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">³</span>Questo processo di usura accelerata può essere attribuito all'elevato calore e alle intense vibrazioni generate durante la prova di usura per fretting, che favoriscono l'ossidazione dei detriti metallici e provocano una forte abrasione a tre corpi. Il test di usura per fretting ad una temperatura elevata di 200 <span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">°</span>C forma una traccia di usura più grande di 0,27 mm<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">³</span>.</p><p>Il test di usura da fretting a 1000 giri/min ha un tasso di usura di 1,5×10<sup>-4</sup> mm<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">³</span>/Nm, che è quasi nove volte superiore a quello della prova di usura alternata a 100 giri/min. Il test di usura per fretting a una temperatura elevata accelera ulteriormente il tasso di usura a 3,4×10<sup>-4</sup> mm<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">³</span>/Nm. Una differenza così significativa nella resistenza all'usura misurata a velocità e temperature diverse dimostra l'importanza di una corretta simulazione dell'usura da fretting per applicazioni realistiche.</p><p>Il comportamento all'usura può cambiare drasticamente quando si introducono nel tribosistema piccole variazioni nelle condizioni di prova. La versatilità del <b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> Il tribometro consente di misurare l'usura in diverse condizioni, tra cui alta temperatura, lubrificazione, corrosione e altre. L'accurato controllo della velocità e della posizione da parte del motore avanzato consente agli utenti di eseguire il test di usura a velocità comprese tra 0,001 e 5000 giri/minuto, rendendolo uno strumento ideale per i laboratori di ricerca/test per studiare l'usura da fretting in diverse condizioni tribologiche.</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Tracce di usura da sfregamento in varie condizioni</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">al microscopio ottico</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="435" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fretting-Wear-Tracks-at-Various-Conditions-10.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-9059" alt="Tracce di usura da fretting in varie condizioni al microscopio ottico" />															</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">PROFILI 3D DEI TRACCIATI D'USURA</h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><b>fornire maggiori informazioni sulla comprensione dei fondamenti<br>del meccanismo di usura da fretting</b></h2>				</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">misurata con diversi parametri di prova</h2>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="311" height="612" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fretting-Wear-in-Wind-Turbines.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9064" alt="" />															</div>
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									<p>In questo studio, abbiamo dimostrato la capacità della <b><i>NANOVEA </i></b>Tribometro per valutare il comportamento dell'usura da fretting di un campione di acciaio inossidabile SS304 in modo ben controllato e quantitativo.&nbsp;</p>
<p>La velocità e la temperatura del test giocano un ruolo fondamentale nella resistenza all'usura da fretting dei materiali. L'elevato calore e le intense vibrazioni durante il fretting hanno determinato un'usura sostanzialmente accelerata del campione SS304 di quasi nove volte. La temperatura elevata di 200&nbsp;<span style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">°</span>C ha ulteriormente aumentato il tasso di usura a 3,4×10<sup>-4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm.&nbsp;</p><p>La versatilità del <b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> Il tribometro è uno strumento ideale per misurare l'usura da sfregamento in varie condizioni, tra cui alta temperatura, lubrificazione, corrosione e altre.</p>
<p><b><i>NANOVEA</i></b> I tribometri offrono test di usura e attrito precisi e ripetibili utilizzando modalità rotative e lineari conformi alle norme ISO e ASTM, con moduli opzionali per l'usura ad alta temperatura, la lubrificazione e la tribocorrosione disponibili in un unico sistema pre-integrato. La nostra gamma impareggiabile è la soluzione ideale per determinare l'intera gamma di proprietà tribologiche di rivestimenti, film e substrati sottili o spessi, morbidi o duri.</p>								</div>
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				</div><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/valutazione-dellusura-dei-tasti/">Fretting Wear Evaluation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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		<title>Cuscinetti a sfere: studio sulla resistenza all&#039;usura ad alta forza</title>
		<link>https://nanovea.com/it/cuscinetti-a-sfera-resistenza-allusura-utilizzando-la-macro-tribologia/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=ball-bearing-wear-resistance-using-macro-tribology</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Shore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubdate>Wed, 01 Jul 2020 18:59:15 +0000</pubdate>
				<category><![CDATA[Application Notes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratory Testing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linear Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rotational Tribology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tribology Testing]]></category>
		<guid ispermalink="false">https://nanovea.com/?p=8534</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>INTRODUCTION A ball bearing uses balls to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. The rolling balls between the bearing races produce much lower coefficient of friction (COF) compared to two flat surfaces sliding against each other. Ball bearings are often exposed to high contact stress levels, wear and extreme environmental conditions such [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/cuscinetti-a-sfera-resistenza-allusura-utilizzando-la-macro-tribologia/">Ball Bearings: High Force Wear Resistance Study</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://nanovea.com/App-Notes/Ball-Bearings-High-Force-Wear-Resistance-Study.pdf&quot;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><br />
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<h2><em><strong>INTRODUZIONE</strong></em></h2>
<p>Un cuscinetto a sfere utilizza sfere per ridurre l&#039;attrito rotazionale e supportare carichi radiali e assiali. Le sfere che rotolano tra le piste dei cuscinetti producono un coefficiente di attrito (COF) molto più basso rispetto a due superfici piane che scorrono l&#039;una contro l&#039;altra. I cuscinetti a sfere sono spesso esposti a livelli elevati di stress da contatto, usura e condizioni ambientali estreme come le alte temperature. Pertanto, la resistenza all&#039;usura delle sfere sotto carichi elevati e condizioni ambientali estreme è fondamentale per prolungare la durata del cuscinetto a sfere e ridurre costi e tempi di riparazioni e sostituzioni.<br />
I cuscinetti a sfere si trovano in quasi tutte le applicazioni che coinvolgono parti in movimento. Sono comunemente utilizzati nei settori dei trasporti come quello aerospaziale e automobilistico, nonché nell&#039;industria dei giocattoli che produce articoli come fidget spinner e skateboard.</p>
<h2><em><strong>VALUTAZIONE DELL&#039;USURA DEI CUSCINETTI A SFERE CON CARICHI ELEVATI</strong></em></h2>
<p>I cuscinetti a sfere possono essere realizzati da un ampio elenco di materiali. I materiali comunemente utilizzati vanno dai metalli come l&#039;acciaio inossidabile e l&#039;acciaio al cromo o dalla ceramica come il carburo di tungsteno (WC) e il nitruro di silicio (Si3n4). Per garantire che i cuscinetti a sfere prodotti possiedano la resistenza all&#039;usura richiesta, ideale per le condizioni dell&#039;applicazione data, sono necessarie valutazioni tribologiche affidabili sotto carichi elevati. I test tribologici aiutano a quantificare e confrontare i comportamenti di usura dei diversi cuscinetti a sfere in modo controllato e monitorato per selezionare il miglior candidato per l&#039;applicazione mirata.</p>
<h2><em><strong>OBIETTIVO DI MISURAZIONE</strong></em></h2>
<p>In questo studio, mostriamo una Nanovea <a href="https://nanovea.com/tribometers/">Tribometro</a> come strumento ideale per confrontare la resistenza all&#039;usura di diversi cuscinetti a sfere sottoposti a carichi elevati.<br />
<a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Track-Test.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Track-Test.jpg" alt="" width="877" height="617" /></a></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Figura 1: Impostazione della prova dei cuscinetti.</em></h6>
<h2><em><strong>PROCEDURA DI PROVA</strong></em></h2>
<p>Il coefficiente di attrito, COF e la resistenza all&#039;usura dei cuscinetti a sfera realizzati in diversi materiali sono stati valutati mediante un tribometro Nanovea. Come materiale di supporto è stata utilizzata carta vetrata a grana P100. I segni di usura dei cuscinetti a sfera sono stati esaminati utilizzando a <strong>Nanovea</strong> Profiler 3D senza contatto al termine dei test di usura. I parametri del test sono riepilogati nella Tabella 1. Il tasso di usura, <strong>K</strong>è stato valutato con la formula <strong>K=V/(F×s)</strong>, dove <strong>V </strong>è il volume consumato, <strong>F</strong> è il carico normale e <strong>s</strong> è la distanza di scorrimento. Le cicatrici da usura della palla sono state valutate da a <strong>Nanovea</strong> Profiler 3D senza contatto per garantire una misurazione precisa del volume di usura.<br />
La funzione di posizionamento radiale motorizzato automatizzato consente al tribometro di diminuire il raggio della traccia di usura per la durata di una prova. Questa modalità di test è chiamata test a spirale e garantisce che il cuscinetto a sfere scivoli sempre su una nuova superficie della carta vetrata (Figura 2). Migliora significativamente la ripetibilità del test di resistenza all&#039;usura sulla sfera. L&#039;encoder avanzato a 20 bit per il controllo della velocità interno e l&#039;encoder a 16 bit per il controllo della posizione esterno forniscono informazioni precise su velocità e posizione in tempo reale, consentendo una regolazione continua della velocità di rotazione per ottenere una velocità di scorrimento lineare costante al contatto.<br />
Si prega di notare che la carta vetrata a grana P100 è stata utilizzata per semplificare il comportamento di usura tra i vari materiali delle sfere in questo studio e può essere sostituita con qualsiasi altra superficie di materiale. Qualsiasi materiale solido può essere sostituito per simulare le prestazioni di un&#039;ampia gamma di accoppiamenti di materiali in condizioni applicative reali, ad esempio in liquidi o lubrificanti.<br />
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-12.png" alt="" width="293" height="280" /></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Figura 2: Illustrazione dei passaggi a spirale del cuscinetto a sfera sulla carta vetrata.</em></h6>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-13.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-13.png" alt="" width="334" height="221" /></a></h6>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Tabella 1: parametri di prova delle misurazioni dell&#039;usura.</em></h6>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><em><strong>RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE</strong></em></h2>
<p>Il tasso di usura è un fattore vitale per determinare la durata di servizio del cuscinetto a sfere, mentre un COF basso è auspicabile per migliorare le prestazioni e l&#039;efficienza del cuscinetto. La Figura 3 confronta l&#039;evoluzione del COF per diversi cuscinetti a sfera rispetto alla carta vetrata durante i test. La sfera in acciaio al cromo mostra un COF aumentato di ~0,4 durante il test di usura, rispetto a ~0,32 e ~0,28 per i cuscinetti a sfera SS440 e Al2O3. D&#039;altro canto, la sfera WC presenta un COF costante di ~0,2 durante tutto il test di usura. Durante ogni test è possibile osservare una variazione COF osservabile, attribuita alle vibrazioni causate dal movimento di scorrimento dei cuscinetti a sfera contro la superficie ruvida della carta vetrata.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-14.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-14.png" alt="" width="1078" height="853" /></a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Figura 3: Evoluzione del COF durante le prove di usura.</em></h6>
<p>La Figura 4 e la Figura 5 confrontano le tracce di usura dei cuscinetti a sfera dopo che sono stati misurati rispettivamente con un microscopio ottico e un profilatore ottico Nanovea Non-Contact, e la Tabella 2 riassume i risultati dell&#039;analisi della traccia di usura. Il profilatore Nanovea 3D determina con precisione il volume di usura dei cuscinetti a sfere, consentendo di calcolare e confrontare i tassi di usura di diversi cuscinetti a sfere. Si può osservare che le sfere in acciaio al cromo e SS440 mostrano segni di usura appiattiti molto più grandi rispetto alle sfere in ceramica, cioè Al2O3 e WC dopo i test di usura. Le sfere in acciaio al cromo e SS440 hanno tassi di usura comparabili rispettivamente di 3,7×10-3 e 3,2×10-3 m3/N m. In confronto, la sfera Al2O3 mostra una maggiore resistenza all&#039;usura con un tasso di usura di 7,2×10-4 m3/N m. La sfera WC presenta appena piccoli graffi sulla zona di usura poco profonda, con un conseguente tasso di usura significativamente ridotto di 3,3×10-6 mm3/N m.<br />
<a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Testing-2.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Testing-2.jpg" alt="" width="1068" height="896" /></a></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><i>Figura 4: Usura dei cuscinetti a sfera dopo i test.</i></h6>
<p><a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Profilometry.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Profilometry.jpg" alt="" width="974" height="717" /></a></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Figura 5: Morfologia 3D delle tracce di usura sui cuscinetti a sfere.</em></h6>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-17.png" alt="" width="346" height="157" /></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Tabella 2: Analisi dei segni di usura dei cuscinetti a sfera.</em></h6>
<p>La Figura 6 mostra le immagini al microscopio delle tracce di usura prodotte sulla carta vetrata dai quattro cuscinetti a sfera. È evidente che la sfera WC ha prodotto la pista di usura più severa (rimuovendo quasi tutte le particelle di sabbia sul suo percorso) e possiede la migliore resistenza all&#039;usura. In confronto, le sfere Cr Steel e SS440 hanno lasciato una grande quantità di detriti metallici sulla traccia di usura della carta vetrata.<br />
Queste osservazioni dimostrano ulteriormente l’importanza del beneficio di un test a spirale. Garantisce che il cuscinetto a sfere scivoli sempre su una nuova superficie della carta vetrata, migliorando significativamente la ripetibilità di un test di resistenza all&#039;usura.<br />
<a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Test-Profilometry.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ball-Bearing-Wear-Test-Profilometry.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="995" /></a></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Figura 6: tracce di usura sulla carta vetrata contro diversi cuscinetti a sfera.</em></h6>
<p><a href="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Ball-Bearings-wear.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://nanovea.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Ball-Bearings-wear.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="792" /></a></p>
<h2><em><strong>CONCLUSIONE</strong></em></h2>
<p>La resistenza all&#039;usura dei cuscinetti a sfera ad alta pressione gioca un ruolo fondamentale nelle loro prestazioni di servizio. I cuscinetti a sfere in ceramica possiedono una resistenza all&#039;usura notevolmente migliorata in condizioni di stress elevato e riducono i tempi e i costi dovuti alla riparazione o alla sostituzione dei cuscinetti. In questo studio, il cuscinetto a sfere WC mostra una resistenza all&#039;usura sostanzialmente più elevata rispetto ai cuscinetti in acciaio, rendendolo un candidato ideale per applicazioni di cuscinetti in cui si verifica un&#039;usura grave.<br />
Un tribometro Nanovea è progettato con capacità di coppia elevata per carichi fino a 2000 N e un motore preciso e controllato per velocità di rotazione da 0,01 a 15.000 giri/min. Offre test ripetibili di usura e attrito utilizzando modalità rotativa e lineare conformi a ISO e ASTM, con moduli opzionali di usura e lubrificazione ad alta temperatura disponibili in un unico sistema preintegrato. Questa gamma senza eguali consente agli utenti di simulare diversi ambienti di lavoro gravosi dei cuscinetti a sfere, tra cui stress elevato, usura e alta temperatura, ecc. Funziona anche come strumento ideale per valutare quantitativamente i comportamenti tribologici di materiali resistenti all&#039;usura superiori sotto carichi elevati.<br />
Un profilatore senza contatto 3D Nanovea fornisce misurazioni precise del volume di usura e funge da strumento per analizzare la morfologia dettagliata delle tracce di usura, fornendo ulteriori approfondimenti nella comprensione fondamentale dei meccanismi di usura.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Preparato da<br />
Duanjie Li, PhD, Jonathan Thomas e Pierre Leroux</p><p>The post <a href="https://nanovea.com/it/cuscinetti-a-sfera-resistenza-allusura-utilizzando-la-macro-tribologia/">Ball Bearings: High Force Wear Resistance Study</a> appeared first on <a href="https://nanovea.com/it">NANOVEA: Advanced Profilometers, Tribometers, Nanoindenters, and Scratch Testers for Materials Testing</a>.</p>
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