{"id":26347,"date":"2026-05-28T20:27:37","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T20:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/?p=26347"},"modified":"2026-05-28T22:02:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T22:02:51","slug":"climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/climbing-hold-surface-roughness-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Application Note | 3D Optical Profilometry<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis Using 3D Optical Profilometry<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Measuring Texture, Porosity, and Topography on Bouldering Holds<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRequest Surface Roughness Testing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpeak with an Application Engineer<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Bouldering\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Research & Experimental Testing<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Walter Alabiso, PhD<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Visual Design & Editorial<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Andrew Shore<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, precise body positioning, and an understanding of how the human body interacts with climbing surfaces. On slab routes, where the wall is angled below vertical and positive holds are limited or absent, a climber’s stability depends almost entirely on the tribological interaction between the body and the climbing hold surface.<\/p>

Climbing hold surface roughness plays a central role in this contact. Roughness provides the microtexture needed for smearing, a technique where high-friction rubber soles are pressed firmly against the surface to expand the effective contact area and generate adherence. A similar mechanism occurs at the fingers, where the ridges of fingerprints and the pliability of skin deform slightly against the hold’s surface features, creating grip through microscopic interlocking.<\/p>

Porosity contributes to grip performance by absorbing moisture, sweat, or chalk at the contact interface, preventing the formation of a thin lubricating film that would reduce friction. Micro-cracks and surface flaws act as additional friction points, helping the climber maintain lateral tension against the hold surface. Because these features (roughness, porosity, and surface morphology) operate at different scales and interact differently depending on the hold, quantitative 3D surface measurement<\/a> is essential for comparing how different climbing hold textures perform under real contact conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bouldering grips used to compare surface roughness, pore morphology, and grip-related topography.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Why Use Non-Contact Profilometry for Climbing Hold Surface Analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Climbing holds and rock-like surfaces can include deep pores, steep asperities, sharp valleys, and irregular texture. These features are difficult to measure accurately with contact-based profilometry because a physical stylus can lose contact, deform local surface features, or fail to reach narrow cavities.<\/p>

NANOVEA\u2019s non-contact optical profilometry uses chromatic light technology to capture surface height data without touching the sample. This makes it suitable for reconstructing complex climbing hold topography, including deep nooks, pores, and surface flaws, while avoiding measurement artifacts caused by local plastic deformation.<\/p>

In this study, the NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler<\/a> was used to measure two bouldering grips: a yellow block with a smoother, flatter surface and a green block with a rougher tactile texture. Both samples were scanned using a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with a 3000 \u00b5m Z-range and a 4 \u00b5m acquisition step in X and Y.<\/p>

Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, allowing the profiler to capture roughness and pore morphology across the scanned areas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Measurement Objective<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The objective of this study was to demonstrate how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can be used to reconstruct and compare the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of climbing holds.<\/p>

Two bouldering grip samples were analyzed: a yellow block with a smoother, flatter surface and a blue block with a rougher tactile texture and sharper grip features. The analysis focused on surface height variation, areal roughness parameters, pore coverage, pore size, pore depth, and functional surface behavior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profilometer measuring the climbing hold samples using an optical sensor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Measurement Method<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The NANOVEA JR25 Optical Profiler was used to measure the yellow and blue bouldering grip samples. Each surface was scanned with a PS4-MG35 single-point optical sensor with an enhanced 3000 \u00b5m Z-range, allowing the system to capture deep pores, sharp valleys, and irregular surface texture while maintaining a 4 \u00b5m acquisition step in X and Y.<\/p>

Dual-frequency acquisition was used to reduce light sensor saturation from localized bright spots on the grip surfaces, improving data capture across rough, porous, and uneven areas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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NANOVEA JR25 Portable<\/span><\/p>

Optical Profilometer<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD BROCHURE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGET A QUOTE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Test Parameters<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Two bouldering grip samples were analyzed: a yellow grip with a smoother, flatter surface and a blue grip with a rougher tactile texture and sharper grip features. The analysis focused on surface height variation, areal roughness parameters, pore coverage, pore size, pore depth, and functional surface behavior.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Measurement Setting<\/th>\nOptical Profilometry Setup<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Samples measured<\/td>\nYellow and blue bouldering grip samples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Optical pen<\/td>\nPS4-MG35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Z-range<\/td>\n3000 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scan area<\/td>\n5.00 mm \u00d7 5.00 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X-step size<\/td>\n4.00 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y-step size<\/td>\n4.00 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Averaging<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Measurement type<\/td>\nDirect<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acquisition mode<\/td>\nDual frequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acquisition rate<\/td>\n100\u2013400 Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Light intensity<\/td>\n100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Table 1: <\/span>Optical profilometry test conditions used to measure the bouldering grip samples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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Optical Profilometry Results<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Yellow Grip Sample<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Surface Roughness Analysis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the yellow climbing grip sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A total least-squares plane was removed to study surface properties. The roughness filters S-Gaussian 2.5 \u00b5m was applied following ISO 25178 (1\/2 cut-off removed at each side). However, the sharp density of pores and asperities and the elevated average roughness make the use of a Gaussian L-filter (8 mm cut off) inapplicable. Therefore, the primary surface was considered, and the roughness parameters are listed in the table below, alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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ISO 25178-2 \u2013 Primary Surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S-filter (\u03bbs):<\/strong> Gaussian, 2.5 \u00b5m, 1\/2 cut-off<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-operation:<\/strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Height Parameters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Sq<\/td>\n168.970<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nRoot-mean-square height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ssk<\/td>\n-0.927<\/td>\n<\/td>\nSkewness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sku<\/td>\n4.117<\/td>\n<\/td>\nKurtosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sp<\/td>\n320.530<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum peak height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sv<\/td>\n868.116<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum pit depth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sz<\/td>\n1188.645<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sa<\/td>\n132.953<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nArithmetic mean height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The average surface roughness Sa<\/em> is 132.953 \u00b5m, whereas the peak-to-valley roughness, Sz<\/em> amounts to 1188.645 \u00b5m. The surface morphology is skewed towards deep valleys (Ssk<\/em> < 0, Sv<\/em> > Sp<\/em>), with a leptokurtotic (Sku<\/em> > 3) distribution of peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.<\/p>

The following picture shows a 2D photo-simulation of the area under artificial lighting, highlighting the region\u2019s morphology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pore Morphology Analysis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The detected pore locations were then mapped across the scanned 5 mm \u00d7 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Information<\/td><\/tr>
Method<\/td>Circle detection<\/td><\/tr>
Features detected<\/td>Pores, recessed objects<\/td><\/tr>
Minimum detection diameter<\/td>0.150 mm<\/td><\/tr>
Maximum detection diameter<\/td>2.000 mm<\/td><\/tr>
Number of detected pores<\/td>206<\/td><\/tr>
Surface coverage<\/td>47.395%<\/td><\/tr>
Pore density<\/td>8.203 particles\/mm\u00b2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Global Statistics<\/td><\/tr>
Parameter<\/th>Unit<\/th>Mean<\/th>Std. Dev.<\/th>Min<\/th>Max<\/th><\/tr>
Radius<\/td>mm<\/td>0.127<\/td>0.049<\/td>0.076<\/td>0.275<\/td><\/tr>
Void volume<\/td>\u00b5m\u00b3<\/td>4,724,770.705<\/td>6,748,143.925<\/td>23,594.172<\/td>4.422 \u00d7 10\u2077<\/td><\/tr>
Maximum depth<\/td>\u00b5m<\/td>173.729<\/td>94.942<\/td>28.153<\/td>716.480<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pores covered nearly half of the yellow grip\u2019s scanned surface, with a measured coverage of 47.395% and a pore density of 8.203 particles\/mm\u00b2. The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.275 mm and void volume above 4.4 \u00d7 10\u2077 \u00b5m\u00b3 to smaller pores with a minimum radius of 0.076 mm and void volume of 23,594.172 \u00b5m\u00b3. This uneven pore distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the yellow climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Standard<\/td>\nISO 25178-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Parameter<\/td>\nValue<\/td>\nUnit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Sk<\/td>\n409.738<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Spk<\/td>\n45.480<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Svk<\/td>\n233.446<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Smrk1<\/td>\n3.976<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Smrk2<\/td>\n85.005<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Peak-valley\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
1st threshold<\/td>\nHeight – c1: 229.209 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
2nd threshold<\/td>\nHeight – c2: -180.424 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Parameters<\/td>\nUnit<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Projected area (in %)<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n14.995<\/td>\n81.029<\/td>\n3.976<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Projected area<\/td>\nmm\u00b2<\/td>\n3.772<\/td>\n20.381<\/td>\n1.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Volume of material (in %)<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n97.451<\/td>\n48.100<\/td>\n0.973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Volume of material<\/td>\n\u00b5m\u00b3<\/td>\n1.684 \u00d7 10\u00b9\u2070<\/td>\n4.956 \u00d7 10\u2079<\/td>\n2.275 \u00d7 10\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The yellow grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with scattered recessed pores and a smaller population of raised peaks. This indicates a surface texture characterized mainly by average-sized pores distributed across the scanned area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Blue Grip Sample<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Surface Roughness Analysis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The 3D rendering below shows the reconstructed surface topography of the blue climbing grip sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A total least-squares plane was removed to evaluate the blue grip\u2019s surface properties. An S-Gaussian 2.5 \u00b5m roughness filter was applied following ISO 25178, with 1\/2 cut-off removed at each side.<\/p>

Because of the dense pores, asperities, and elevated average roughness, a Gaussian L-filter with an 8 mm cut-off was not applied. The primary surface was used for roughness analysis, with the roughness parameters listed alongside the 2D false-color map of the filtered surface.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"False-color\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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ISO 25178-2 \u2013 Primary Surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S-filter (\u03bbs):<\/strong> Gaussian, 2.5 \u00b5m, 1\/2 cut-off<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F-operation:<\/strong> [Workflow] Leveled (TLSPL)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n
Height Parameters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n
Sq<\/td>\n211.440<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nRoot-mean-square height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ssk<\/td>\n-0.682<\/td>\n<\/td>\nSkewness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sku<\/td>\n3.672<\/td>\n<\/td>\nKurtosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sp<\/td>\n522.404<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum peak height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sv<\/td>\n720.164<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum pit depth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sz<\/td>\n1242.568<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nMaximum height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sa<\/td>\n166.719<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\nArithmetic mean height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The blue grip sample had an average surface roughness, Sa, of 166.719 \u00b5m and a peak-to-valley roughness, Sz, of 1242.568 \u00b5m. The negative skewness value, Ssk &lt;<\/span> 0, indicates that the surface morphology is skewed toward deep valleys, while Sv &gt;<\/span> Sp shows that the maximum pit depth exceeded the maximum peak height.<\/p>

The kurtosis value, Sku &gt;<\/span> 3, indicates a leptokurtotic height distribution, meaning the blue grip surface contains sharper or more extreme peaks and valleys relative to the average plane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The 2D photo simulation below highlights the blue climbing grip\u2019s surface morphology under artificial lighting.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pore Morphology Analysis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A pore analysis was performed across the full scanned area using a semi-automated edge-detection algorithm. The analysis identified recessed surface features to quantify pore coverage, pore density, radius, void volume, and maximum depth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The detected pore locations were mapped across the scanned 5 mm \u00d7 5 mm area to evaluate pore coverage, density, and size distribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Pore\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Method<\/td>\nCircle detection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Features detected<\/td>\nPores, recessed objects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Minimum detection diameter<\/td>\n0.040 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maximum detection diameter<\/td>\n2.000 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Number of detected pores<\/td>\n794<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Surface coverage<\/td>\n24.208%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pore density<\/td>\n31.355 particles\/mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Global Statistics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parameter<\/th>\nUnit<\/th>\nMean<\/th>\nStd. Dev.<\/th>\nMin<\/th>\nMax<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Radius<\/td>\nmm<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.020<\/td>\n0.218<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Void volume<\/td>\n\u00b5m\u00b3<\/td>\n821,872.849<\/td>\n2,495,310.021<\/td>\n11,009.819<\/td>\n2.929 \u00d7 10\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maximum depth<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n476.053<\/td>\n305.830<\/td>\n16.132<\/td>\n1044.045<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pores covered 24.208% of the blue grip\u2019s scanned surface, with a pore density of 31.355 particles\/mm\u00b2. The detected pores and cracks were highly heterogeneous in size, volume, and depth, ranging from large crater-like features with a maximum radius of 0.218 mm and void volume greater than 2.9 \u00d7 10\u2077 \u00b5m\u00b3 to small pores with a minimum radius of 0.020 mm and void volume of approximately 1.1 \u00d7 10\u2074 \u00b5m\u00b3.<\/p>

This uneven distribution is reflected in the large standard deviation measured for void volume and maximum depth. The pore distribution is bimodal, with one population of fine, deep pores and another population of larger crater-like valleys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Functional Surface Parameters (Abbott-Firestone curve)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Abbott-Firestone curve shows the cumulative areal material distribution of the blue climbing grip sample. This analysis defines functional surface parameters including Sk, Spk, and Svk according to ISO 25178-2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Abbott-Firestone\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Standard<\/td>\nISO 25178-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parameter<\/td>\nValue<\/td>\nUnit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sk<\/td>\n522.359<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spk<\/td>\n117.670<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Svk<\/td>\n295.209<\/td>\n\u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Smrk1<\/td>\n6.122<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Smrk2<\/td>\n87.456<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The chart below shows the peak-valley distribution from the mean plane based on the functional parameters derived from the Abbott-Firestone curve. Valleys are shown in purple, the mean plane in green, and peaks in orange.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
1st threshold<\/td>\nHeight – c1: 283.646 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
2nd threshold<\/td>\nHeight – c2: -238.619 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Parameters<\/td>\nUnit<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Projected area (in %)<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n12.544<\/td>\n81.334<\/td>\n6.122<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Projected area<\/td>\nmm\u00b2<\/td>\n3.182<\/td>\n20.629<\/td>\n1.553<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Volume of material (in %)<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n96.079<\/td>\n48.546<\/td>\n1.514<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n
Volume of material<\/td>\n\u00b5m\u00b3<\/td>\n1.151 \u00d7 10\u00b9\u2070<\/td>\n6.431 \u00d7 10\u2079<\/td>\n9.142 \u00d7 10\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The blue grip sample shows a dominant mean-plane region with fine, deep pores distributed across the surface and localized peak features. Compared with the yellow grip, the blue grip contains a higher projected peak area and a bimodal pore structure, combining fine recessed pores with larger crater-like valleys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In this application, the NANOVEA JR25 Non-Contact Optical Profiler was used to measure the surface roughness, topography, and pore morphology of yellow and blue bouldering grip samples.<\/p>

Topographic analysis showed that both grip samples had high surface roughness, with Sa values above 100 \u00b5m and Sz values above 1000 \u00b5m. Both surfaces also showed an asymmetric height distribution skewed toward valleys, indicating that recessed features played a major role in the measured surface morphology.<\/p>

The yellow grip sample showed higher pore coverage, with pores covering 47.395% of the scanned surface. Its surface was mainly characterized by average-sized pores distributed across the measured area.<\/p>

The blue grip sample showed lower pore coverage at 24.208%, but a much higher pore density of 31.355 particles\/mm\u00b2. Its pore distribution was bimodal, with a population of fine, deep pores and a separate population of larger crater-like valleys.<\/p>

These results show how non-contact 3D optical profilometry can quantify climbing hold surface features that are difficult to evaluate from visual inspection alone, including roughness, pore coverage, pore depth, surface height distribution, and functional topography. The blue grip’s higher porosity and bimodal pore structure make it more likely to absorb moisture and chalk at the contact interface, while its elevated roughness and surface morphology support stable friction for shoe rubber and finger contact. The yellow grip’s lower roughness and flatter profile suggest it is better suited for use as a foothold in slab climbing, where broad surface contact matters more than deep textural engagement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Frequently Asked Questions About Climbing Hold Surface Roughness<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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What is climbing hold surface roughness?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Climbing hold surface roughness describes the height variation, texture, pores, asperities, and valleys present on the surface of a climbing grip. These features can influence contact behavior between the hold, shoe rubber, skin, chalk, and moisture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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How can climbing hold surface roughness be measured?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Climbing hold surface roughness can be measured using non-contact 3D optical profilometry. This method reconstructs the surface topography and calculates areal roughness parameters such as Sa, Sz, Sp, Sv, Ssk, and Sku without touching or deforming the sample.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Why use non-contact optical profilometry for climbing hold analysis?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Non-contact optical profilometry is useful for climbing hold analysis because climbing grips can contain deep pores, sharp valleys, rough asperities, and irregular surface texture. A contact stylus may lose contact, fail to reach recessed features, or introduce artifacts on complex surfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What does Sa mean in surface roughness analysis?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sa is the arithmetic mean height of a surface and is commonly used to describe average areal surface roughness. In this app note, both climbing grip samples showed high Sa values above 100 \u00b5m, indicating strongly textured surfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What does Sz mean in optical profilometry results?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sz is the maximum height of the measured surface, calculated from the highest peak to the deepest valley. In climbing hold surface roughness analysis, Sz helps describe the full vertical range of the grip\u2019s surface texture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Why is pore morphology important for climbing grips?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pore morphology can affect how a climbing grip interacts with chalk, sweat, humidity, skin, and shoe rubber. Measuring pore coverage, density, depth, and volume helps quantify surface features that are difficult to evaluate by visual inspection alone.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Need Reliable Surface Roughness Analysis?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDISCUSS YOUR APPLICATION WITH AN ENGINEER<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGET A QUOTE FOR PROFILOMETRY SERVICES<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Application Note | 3D Optical Profilometry Climbing Hold Surface Roughness Analysis Using 3D Optical Profilometry Measuring Texture, Porosity, and Topography on Bouldering Holds Request Surface Roughness Testing Speak with an Application Engineer Research & Experimental Testing Walter Alabiso, PhD Visual Design & Editorial Andrew Shore Introduction Bouldering is a demanding discipline that combines physical strength, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":26344,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,349,350,351,353,335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26347","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application-notes","category-laboratory-testing","category-profilometry-geometry-shape","category-profilometry-roughness-finish","category-profilometry-texture-grain","category-profilometry-testing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26347","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26347"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26347\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26414,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26347\/revisions\/26414"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26347"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26347"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanovea.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}